Periodontal disease and detection of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of chronic kidney disease patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have inability to maintain the normal levels of protein metabolism products, blood pressure and hematocrit. Periodontal disease involves an inflammatory destructive process. Identification of opportunistic viruses is extremely important as they are associated with co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to analyse the presence of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with CKD. METHODS: One hundred and thirty one individuals were divided depending on the stage of CKD: Group 1 (clearance of creatinine > 75 mL/min) patients with no renal disease (n = 24); Group 2 (clearance of creatinine of 11-75 mL/min) patients with renal disease (n = 67); Group 3 (clearance of creatinine < 10 mL/min) patients on hemodialysis (n = 40). The parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated. The viral detection was assessed by PCR. RESULTS: considering the three groups, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) were 9% in saliva and 5% in GCF; Epstein-Barr virus 36% in saliva and 39% in GCF; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) 11% in GCF; varicella zoster virus 6% in saliva and 3% in GCF; of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) 6% in saliva and 2% in GCF; and HHV-7 44% in saliva and 8% in GCF. Of these patients, 46.48% presented with severe periodontitis. A statistically significant association between HSV-1 and HCMV was found in hemodialysis patients and severe periodontitis was also more frequent among them. CONCLUSION: These findings show the importance of evaluating the periodontal disease and detecting herpesviruses in patients with CKD as the inflammatory process observed in these clinical conditions may worsen the course of both periodontal disease and CKD.

Evaluation of periodontal condition and risk in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a profile of periodontal conditions in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and their periodontal risk. METHODS: We included 115 patients on hemodialysis. Clinical periodontal parameters assessed were: plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment level. Patients were classified according to presence/absence and severity of periodontal disease and periodontal risk. RESULTS: In 107 dentate patients (93%) the plaque index was 1.53±0.78, the gingival index was 0.95±0.85, the probing depth was 2.2±0.6mm and the clinical attachment level was 3.18±1.75mm. We observed that 1 patient (0.94%) did not have periodontal disease, 55 patients (51.40%) had slight, 28 (26.17%) moderate and 23 (21.49%) severe periodontal disease. Among 107 patients, 37 (34.58%) had low risk, 35 (32.71%) moderate risk and 35 (32.71%) high risk. Patients with severe periodontal disease showed 104.5 more chance of high risk compared with low risk individuals (odds ratio: 104.5; 95%CI: 10.7-1017.2; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Most of patients with chronic renal disease presented periodontal disease, indicating the presence of chronic inflammatory and infection process that may influence in systemic conditions. A prevention and interventionist approach in this population is needed, especially to emphasize the importance of oral health. The periodontal risk assessment is a useful tool to create individualized periodontal therapies and to improve general health condition. OBJETIVO: Traçar um perfil das condições periodontais de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise e seu risco periodontal. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 115 pacientes em hemodiálise. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais avaliados foram: índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e perda de nível de inserção clínico. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a presença e a gravidade da doença periodontal, bem como de acordo com o risco periodontal. RESULTADOS: Quanto aos parâmetros clínicos, 107 pacientes dentados (93%) apresentaram média de índice de placa de 1,53±0,78 e gengival de 0,95±0,85, profundidade de sondagem de 2,2±0,6mm e nível de inserção clínica de 3,18±1,75mm. Em relação à doença periodontal, 1 (0,94%) era saudável, 55 (51,40%) apresentavam periodontite leve, 28 (26,17%) moderada e 23 (21,49%) avançada. Com relação ao risco, dos 107 pacientes, 37 apresentavam risco baixo, 35 moderado e 35 alto. Os pacientes com doença periodontal avançada apresentaram 104,5 vezes mais chance de ter alto risco comparado ao baixo (odds ratio: 104,5; IC95%: 10,7-1017,2; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes com doença renal crônica apresentou doença periodontal, indicando um processo infeccioso e inflamatório crônico, que pode influenciar na condição sistêmica. Evidencia-se a necessidade de uma abordagem preventiva e intervencionista nesta população, enfatizando a importância da saúde bucal. A avaliação do risco periodontal seria uma ferramenta na elaboração de terapias periodontais individualizadas para uma melhor condição de saúde geral.

Evaluation of periodontal condition and risk in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis / Avaliação da condição e risco periodontal em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise

ABSTRACT Objective To establish a profile of periodontal conditions in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and their periodontal risk. Methods We included 115 patients on hemodialysis. Clinical periodontal parameters assessed were: plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment level. Patients were classified according to presence/absence and severity of periodontal disease and periodontal risk. Results In 107 dentate patients (93%) the plaque index was 1.53±0.78, the gingival index was 0.95±0.85, the probing depth was 2.2±0.6mm and the clinical attachment level was 3.18±1.75mm. We observed that 1 patient (0.94%) did not have periodontal disease, 55 patients (51.40%) had slight, 28 (26.17%) moderate and 23 (21.49%) severe periodontal disease. Among 107 patients, 37 (34.58%) had low risk, 35 (32.71%) moderate risk and 35 (32.71%) high risk. Patients with severe periodontal disease showed 104.5 more chance of high risk compared with low risk individuals (odds ratio: 104.5; 95%CI: 10.7-1017.2; p<0.0001). Conclusion Most of patients with chronic renal disease presented periodontal disease, indicating the presence of chronic inflammatory and infection process that may influence in systemic conditions. A prevention and interventionist approach in this population is needed, especially to emphasize the importance of oral health. The periodontal risk assessment is a useful tool to create individualized periodontal therapies and to improve general health condition.

RESUMO Objetivo Traçar um perfil das condições periodontais de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise e seu risco periodontal. Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 115 pacientes em hemodiálise. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais avaliados foram: índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem e perda de nível de inserção clínico. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a presença e a gravidade da doença periodontal, bem como de acordo com o risco periodontal. Resultados Quanto aos parâmetros clínicos, 107 pacientes dentados (93%) apresentaram média de índice de placa de 1,53±0,78 e gengival de 0,95±0,85, profundidade de sondagem de 2,2±0,6mm e nível de inserção clínica de 3,18±1,75mm. Em relação à doença periodontal, 1 (0,94%) era saudável, 55 (51,40%) apresentavam periodontite leve, 28 (26,17%) moderada e 23 (21,49%) avançada. Com relação ao risco, dos 107 pacientes, 37 apresentavam risco baixo, 35 moderado e 35 alto. Os pacientes com doença periodontal avançada apresentaram 104,5 vezes mais chance de ter alto risco comparado ao baixo (odds ratio: 104,5; IC95%: 10,7-1017,2; p<0,0001). Conclusão A maioria dos pacientes com doença renal crônica apresentou doença periodontal, indicando um processo infeccioso e inflamatório crônico, que pode influenciar na condição sistêmica. Evidencia-se a necessidade de uma abordagem preventiva e intervencionista nesta população, enfatizando a importância da saúde bucal. A avaliação do risco periodontal seria uma ferramenta na elaboração de terapias periodontais individualizadas para uma melhor condição de saúde geral.

Medical and Periodontal Clinical Parameters in Patients at Different Levels of Chronic Renal Failure.

Aim. To assess the clinical periodontal and medical parameters in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) at different levels of renal disease. Background. CRF is a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function associated with a decline in the glomerular filtration rate. Periodontal disease is a destructive inflammatory disease affecting periodontal tissues that shows high prevalence in patients with CRF. Materials and Methods. 102 CRF patients were included and divided into an early stage group (EG), predialysis group (PDG), and hemodialysis group (HDG). The medical parameters were taken from the patients' records. Results. Periodontal clinical condition differed among the CRF groups. Clinical attachment loss was greater in the HDG and PDG group compared to the EG (p = 0.0364); the same was observed in the Plaque Index (p = 0.0296); the others periodontal parameters did not show any differences. Ferritin levels were significantly higher in the HDG when compared to the EG and PGD (p < 0.0001), and fibrinogen was higher in PDG compared with the others (p < 0.0001); the triglycerides also showed higher values in the HDG compared with the other groups (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The patients with renal involvement should have a multidisciplinary approach to an improvement in their oral and systemic health.

Salivary markers in patients with chronic renal failure.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years. The major function of the kidneys is the removal of metabolic waste products, electrolytes and water. When this function is impaired, systemic changes, oral complications and alterations in salivary composition may occur. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the levels of immunological and inflammatory components in the saliva samples from patients that undergo to hemodialysis treatment (HD), without HD and control. DESIGN: This study evaluated IgA, IgG, C reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) in saliva samples from 119 patients, who were divided into the control group (C), chronic renal failure (CRF) patient group and CRF patients on hemodialysis treatment (HD) group. IgA and IgG levels were analyzed by ELISA. Nitric oxide levels were determined indirectly by the nitrite concentration using Griess reagent; CRP by agglutination tests; and total proteins, by Bradford assay. RESULTS: The HD group showed significantly higher levels of IgG, IgA and CRP compared with the control and CRF groups. The CRF group presented the same amounts of IgG, IgA and CRP as the C group but significantly higher levels of NO similar to the HD group. CONCLUSION: Renal disease, particularly hemodialysis treatment during renal disease, seems to alter salivary immunological and inflammatory components. Thus, analyzing the levels of IgA, IgG, NO and CRP in saliva may be beneficial for monitoring renal disease.

Prevalence of carotid artery calcification in patients with chronic renal disease identified by panoramic radiography.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of carotid artery calcification (CAC) in the panoramic radiographs of patients with chronic renal disease and to ascertain the medical parameters. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 100 panoramic radiographs were observed. The division of patients according to renal disease was as follows: 37 in early-stage renal disease (ESG), 32 in predialysis (PDG), and 31 in hemodialysis (HDG). RESULTS: There were 21 images with opacities suggestive of CAC (6 from ESG, 7 from PDG, and 8 from HDG). The medical parameters were as follows: Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (P < .0001) in patients with CAC compared with those without CAC; potassium levels were higher in the group with CAC compared with the group without CAC (P < .0001); and the calcium levels were lower in the group with CAC compared with the group without CAC (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with renal injury and changes in triglyceride and potassium levels had a higher prevalence of CAC on panoramic radiography.

Gingival crevicular fluid biochemical markers in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and correlate these measurements with clinical characteristics of healthy patients and patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-six individuals were subdivided into three groups of 12: control, gingivitis, and periodontitis groups. GCF samples were obtained from 2 sites for each patient. GCF volume was measured with the Periotron 8000; IL-1b levels were evaluated using the ELISA technique; ALP was measured by the kinetic method. RESULTS: Mean levels of IL-1b and ALP in the 3 groups were, respectively, 22.34 ± 16.53 ΜL/site and 7.68 ± 2.46 U/L in the control group; 41.46 ± 27.98 ΜL/site and 9.80 ± 1.53 U/L in the gingivitis group; and 105.97 ± 89.26 ΜL/site and 11.56 ± 1.82 U/L in the periodontitis group. The amount of IL-1b in the periodontitis group was significantly higher than in the other groups, but no significant difference was found between the control group and the gingivitis group. The amount of ALP differed significantly among the 3 groups (P < .05). A positive correlation was observed among IL-1b levels, GCF volume, and probing depth. There was no evidence for a correlation between IL-1b and ALP levels. CONCLUSION: Monitoring immune markers may give additional information on healthy or diseased sites.

Influência dos níveis de densitometria mineral óssea na perda óssea alveolar e parâmetros clínicos periodontais em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Influence of the bone mineral densitometry's levels in the alveolar bone loss and periodontal clinical parameters in the post menopausal women

Objetivo: Verificar a relação da influência do nível de densitometria mineral óssea (DOM) na perda óssea alveolar e parâmetros clínicos periodontais em mulheres na pósmenopausa. Métodos: Em um estudo seccional, foram avaliadas 23 mulheres na menopausa, com idade variando de 44-61 anos de idade. Densitometria óssea mineral da coluna lombar e do fêmur foram obtidas pela técnica DEXA. Foram incluídos exame clínico (profundidade a sondagem, perda de inserção, profundidade a sondagem e o número de ausência dental) e radiográfico para determinar a gravidade da doença periodontal. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste t Student e correlacionados pelo teste de Pearson (r). Resultados: Das 23 mulheres, duas eram osteoporóticas, 14 osteopênicas e 7 em condi- ção de normalidade. Para as comparações dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais com o perfil da DOM não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma das análises. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi fraco e negativo quando comparada a DOM com os parâmetros periodontais. Conclusão: No presente estudo não foi encontrada uma associação entre as modificações estruturais ósseas com os parâmetros periodontais (AU)

Objective: To correlate levels of bone mineral densitometry (BMD) and periodontal clinical parameters, including radiographic alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 23 postmenopausal women. Their ages ranged from 44 to 61 years-old. BMD of the lumbar vertebra and femur were obtained through the DEXA technique. Periodontal clinical examination (probing depth, clinical attachment level and number of missing teeth) and periapical radiographs were obtained to determine the severity of periodontal disease. The data obtained was analyzed using both student t test and Pearson correlation. Results: BMD revealed that 2 participants were osteoporotic, 14 were osteopenic, and 7 were healthy. Comparisons between periodontal clinical and radiographic parameters and BMD profile, among the distinct groups, showed no statistically significant differences. The coefficient for Pearson correlation was weak and negative when comparing BMD with all periodontal parameters. Conclusion: This study showed no association between bone structural modifications and clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters (AU)