ABSTRACT
Several studies have demonstrated an important association between altered lipid metabolism and the development of kidney injury because of a high-fat diet. Fructose is also closely associated with renal injury. We opted for a combination of fructose and saturated fats in a diet (DH) that is a model known to induce renal damage in order to evaluate whether soy isoflavones could have promising use in the treatment of renal alterations. After two months of ingestion, there was an expansion of visceral fat, which was associated with long-term metabolic disorders, such as sustained hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, polyuria, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, we found a decrease in renal blood flow and an increase in renal vascular resistance. Biochemical markers of chronic kidney disease were detected; there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells with an elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß), the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Notably, in rats exposed to the DH diet for 120 days, the concomitant treatment with isoflavones after 60 days was able to revert metabolic parameters, renal alterations, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. The beneficial effects of isoflavones in the kidney of the obese rats were found to be mediated by expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ).
Subject(s)
Fructose/adverse effects , Gene Expression/drug effects , Isoflavones/pharmacology , Isoflavones/therapeutic use , Kidney/metabolism , Obesity/drug therapy , Obesity/metabolism , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Phytotherapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism , Animals , Cytokines/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Kidney/blood supply , Male , Obesity/etiology , Obesity/genetics , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/geneticsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease that culminate in the final stage of kidney disease. Since these two risk factors are common and can overlap, new approaches to prevent or treat them are needed. Macitentan (MAC) is a new non-selective antagonist of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic blockade of ET-1 receptor with MAC on the alteration of renal function observed in hypertensive and hyperglycemic animals. Genetically hypertensive rats were divided into control hypertensive (HT-CTL) group, hypertensive and hyperglycemic (HT+DIAB) group, and hypertensive and hyperglycemic group that received 25 mg/kg macitentan (HT-DIAB+MAC25) via gavage for 60 days. Kidney function and parameters associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), ET-1, and catalase in the renal cortex was performed. The HT+DIAB group showed a decrease in kidney function and an increase in NGAL expression in the renal cortex, as well as an increase in oxidative stress. MAC treatment was associated with attenuated ET-1 and NGAL production and increases in antioxidant defense (catalase expression) and nitric oxide production. In addition, MAC prevented an increase in oxidant injury (as measured by urinary hydroperoxide and lipid peroxidation), thus improving renal function. Our results suggest that the antioxidant effect of the ET-1 receptor antagonist MAC is involved in the improvement of kidney function observed in hypertensive and hyperglycemic rats.
RESUMO Hipertensão e Diabetes Mellitus figuram como as duas principais causas de doença renal crônica que culmina em doença renal terminal. Uma vez que os dois fatores de risco são comuns e podem se sobrepor, novas abordagens preventivas e terapêuticas se fazem necessárias. O macitentan (MAC) é um novo antagonista não-seletivo dos receptores da endotelina-1 (ET-1). O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio crônico dos receptores da ET-1 com MAC sobre a alteração da função renal em animais hipertensos e hiperglicêmicos. Ratos geneticamente hipertensos foram divididos em grupos com animais hipertensos de controle (HT-CTL), hipertensos e hiperglicêmicos (HT+DIAB) e hipertensos e hiperglicêmicos tratados com 25 mg/kg de macitentan (HT-DIAB+MAC25) via gavagem por 60 dias. Foram avaliados função renal e parâmetros associados ao estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo. Exames de imunoistoquímica foram realizados para lipocalina associada à gelatinase neutrofílica (NGAL), ET-1 e catalase no córtex renal. O grupo HT+DIAB exibiu diminuição da função renal e aumento na expressão de NGAL no córtex renal, bem como estresse oxidativo aumentado. O tratamento com MAC foi associado a atenuação da produção de ET-1 e NGAL e maior ativação das defesas antioxidantes (expressão de catalase) e elevação da produção de óxido nítrico. Além disso, o MAC evitou exacerbação da lesão oxidante (medida por hidroperóxidos urinários e peroxidação lipídica), melhorando assim a função renal. Nossos resultados sugerem que o efeito antioxidante do antagonista dos receptores da ET-1 MAC esteja imbricado no aprimoramento da função renal observada em ratos hipertensos e hiperglicêmicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Hyperglycemia/complications , Kidney/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Rats/genetics , Risk Factors , Endothelin-1/metabolism , Administration, Intravenous , Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Hyperglycemia/chemically induced , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/physiopathology , Kidney/physiopathology , Kidney/injuries , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease that culminate in the final stage of kidney disease. Since these two risk factors are common and can overlap, new approaches to prevent or treat them are needed. Macitentan (MAC) is a new non-selective antagonist of the endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic blockade of ET-1 receptor with MAC on the alteration of renal function observed in hypertensive and hyperglycemic animals. Genetically hypertensive rats were divided into control hypertensive (HT-CTL) group, hypertensive and hyperglycemic (HT+DIAB) group, and hypertensive and hyperglycemic group that received 25 mg/kg macitentan (HT-DIAB+MAC25) via gavage for 60 days. Kidney function and parameters associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), ET-1, and catalase in the renal cortex was performed. The HT+DIAB group showed a decrease in kidney function and an increase in NGAL expression in the renal cortex, as well as an increase in oxidative stress. MAC treatment was associated with attenuated ET-1 and NGAL production and increases in antioxidant defense (catalase expression) and nitric oxide production. In addition, MAC prevented an increase in oxidant injury (as measured by urinary hydroperoxide and lipid peroxidation), thus improving renal function. Our results suggest that the antioxidant effect of the ET-1 receptor antagonist MAC is involved in the improvement of kidney function observed in hypertensive and hyperglycemic rats.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Hyperglycemia/complications , Kidney/drug effects , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology , Administration, Intravenous , Animals , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage , Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Endothelin-1/metabolism , Humans , Hyperglycemia/chemically induced , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/physiopathology , Kidney/injuries , Kidney/physiopathology , Lipocalin-2/drug effects , Male , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Rats/genetics , Risk Factors , Streptozocin/administration & dosage , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Sulfonamides/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypotension, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation are all observed in experimental models of sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an ethanolic extract of Brazilian olive leaf (Ex), Brazilian olive oil (Olv), Ex + Olv (ExOlv), and palm oil (Pal) in comparison to the effects of omega-3 fish oil (Omg) in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. MATERIALS: Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (seven per group), which were either untreated (control) or treated with LPS, LPS + Ex, LPS + ExOlv, LPS + Olv, LPS + Omg, or LPS + Pal. RESULTS: Lower values of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were observed in the LPS-treated group, and these values were not affected by Ex, Olv, ExOlv, Pal, or Omg treatment. Mortality rates were significantly lower in rats exposed to LPS when they were also treated with Ex, ExOlv, Olv, Pal, or Omg. These treatments also decreased oxidative stress and inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta) and increased interleukin-10 levels and cell proliferation, which were associated with decreased apoptosis in kidney tissue. CONCLUSION: Ex and Pal treatments were beneficial in septic rats, since they increased survival rate and did not aggravate inflammation. However, the most effective treatments for septic rats were Olv in comparison to Omg. These natural food substances could enable the development of effective therapeutic interventions to sepsis.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to characterize the cell damage mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cytotoxicity of polymyxin B in proximal tubular cells (LLC - PK1) and discuss about the nurses interventions to identify at risk patients and consider prevention or treatment of nephrotoxicity acute kidney injury. This is a quantitative experimental in vitro study, in which the cells were exposed to 375µM polymyxin B sulfate concentration. Cell viability was determined by exclusion of fluorescent dyes and morphological method with visualization of apoptotic bodies for fluorescence microscopy. Cells exposed to polymyxin B showed reduced viability, increased number of apoptotic cells and a higher concentration of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The administration of polymyxin B in vitro showed the need for actions to minimize adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Polymyxin B/adverse effects , Animals , Kidney Diseases/nursing , Kidney Diseases/prevention & control , LLC-PK1 Cells , SwineABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to characterize the cell damage mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cytotoxicity of polymyxin B in proximal tubular cells (LLC - PK1) and discuss about the nurses interventions to identify at risk patients and consider prevention or treatment of nephrotoxicity acute kidney injury. This is a quantitative experimental in vitro study, in which the cells were exposed to 375μM polymyxin B sulfate concentration. Cell viability was determined by exclusion of fluorescent dyes and morphological method with visualization of apoptotic bodies for fluorescence microscopy. Cells exposed to polymyxin B showed reduced viability, increased number of apoptotic cells and a higher concentration of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The administration of polymyxin B in vitro showed the need for actions to minimize adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. .
El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar los mecanismos de daño celular implicado en la fisiopatología de la citotoxicidad de la polimixina B en las células tubulares proximales (LLC-PK1) y discutir las propuestas de intervención de enfermería para identificar a los pacientes de riesgo y considerar la prevención o el tratamiento de la lesión renal aguda nefrotóxica. Corresponde a un estudio experimental cuantitativo in vitro, en el cual las células fueron expuestas a sulfato de polimixina B. La viabilidad celular se determinó por exclusión de los colorantes fluorescentes y el método morfológico con la visualización de cuerpos apoptóticos a la microscopía de fluorescencia. Las células expuestas a polimixina B demostraron reducción de la viabilidad, aumento de células apoptóticas y mayor concentración de la enzima lactato deshidrogenasa. La administración de polimixina B in vitro demostró la necesidad de realizar acciones en la práctica clínica para minimizar los efectos adversos como la nefrotoxicidad.
O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os mecanismos de lesão celular envolvidos na fisiopatologia da citotoxicidade da polimixina B em células tubulares proximais (LLC-PK1) e discutir as proposições de intervenção do enfermeiro para identificar os pacientes de risco e considerar a prevenção ou o tratamento para lesão renal nefrotóxica. Estudo experimental in vitro , onde as células foram expostas ao sulfato de polimixina B. A viabilidade celular foi determinada pela exclusão dos corantes fluorescentes e o método morfológico com visualização de corpos apoptóticos à microscopia de fluorescência. As células expostas à polimixina B apresentaram redução de viabilidade, aumento do número de células em apoptose e maior concentração da enzima desidrogenase láctea. A administração de polimixina B in vitro demonstrou a necessidade de ações na prática clínica para minimizar os efeitos adversos como a nefrotoxicidade. .
