Malformación de Arnold-Chiari en el síndrome de Noonan y otros síndromes de la vía RAS/MAPK / Arnold-Chiari malformation in Noonan syndrome and other syndromes of the RAS/MAPK pathway

Introducción. El síndrome de Noonan (SN) y otros síndromes con fenotipo similar, como LEOPARD, cardiofaciocutáneo, Costello y Legius, están asociados a mutaciones en genes incluidos en la vía RAS/MAPK (rasopatías), una importante vía de señalización relacionada con la proliferación celular. El descenso de las amígdalas cerebelares dentro del canal medular cervical, conocido como malformación de Arnold-Chiari (MAC), se ha descrito en pacientes afectos de SN, lo que ha llevado a sugerir que la MAC podría formar parte del espectro fenotípico del SN. Presentamos dos casos con SN y MAC. Casos clínicos. Caso 1: mujer de 29 años con fenotipo de Noonan. Fue intervenida a los 9 años de estenosis valvular pulmonar. A los 27 años, presentó MAC sintomática que precisó descompresión quirúrgica. Presentaba mutación c.922A>G (N308D) en el gen PTPN perteneciente a la vía RAS/MAPK. Caso 2: niña de 10 años con fenotipo de Noonan y MAC asintomática detectada en resonancia magnética cerebral. Era portadora de la mutación c.923A>G (N308S) en el gen PTPN11. Conclusiones. Hemos encontrado en la bibliografía seis pacientes con esta asociación, cuatro con fenotipo Noonan y dos con LEOPARD. Nuestros dos pacientes aportan evidencia suplementaria a la hipótesis de que la MAC formaría parte del espectro fenotípico del SN. El escaso número de pacientes publicados con esta asociación no permite extraer recomendaciones sobre el momento y la frecuencia de estudio de neuroimagen; no obstante, una exploración neurológica cuidadosa debería incluirse en la guía anticipatoria de salud en los síndromes de la vía RAS/MAPK (AU)

Introduction. Noonan syndrome (NS) and other syndromes with a similar phenotype, such as LEOPARD, cardiofaciocutaneous, Costello and Legius, are associated to mutations in genes included in the RAS/MAPK pathway (RASopathies), which is an important signalling pathway related to cell proliferation. Tonsillar descent into the upper cervical spinal canal, known as Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM), has been reported in patients with NS and this has led some researchers to suggest that ACM could be part of the phenotypic spectrum of NS. We report two cases of NS and ACM. Case reports. Case 1: 29-year-old female with Noonan phenotype who underwent surgery at the age of nine years due to pulmonary valve stenosis. At the age of 27, she presented symptomatic ACM that required surgical decompression. She presented the c.922A>G (N308D) mutation in the gene PTPN that belongs to the RAS/MAPK pathway. Case 2: a 10-yearold female with Noonan phenotype and asymptomatic ACM detected in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. She was a carrier of the c.923A>G (N308S) mutation in gene PTPN11. Conclusions. Six patients with this association have been found in the literature, four with the Noonan phenotype and two with LEOPARD. Our two patients provide supplementary evidence that backs up the hypothesis by which ACM would be part of the phenotypic spectrum of NS. The small number of reported cases of patients with this association does not allow us to draw up recommendations about when and how often neuroimaging studies should be performed; a careful neurological examination, however, should be included in the anticipatory health guidelines in syndromes involving the RAS/MAPK pathway (AU)

[Arnold-Chiari malformation in Noonan syndrome and other syndromes of the RAS/MAPK pathway]. / Malformacion de Arnold-Chiari en el sindrome de Noonan y otros sindromes de la via RAS/MAPK.

INTRODUCTION: Noonan syndrome (NS) and other syndromes with a similar phenotype, such as LEOPARD, cardiofaciocutaneous, Costello and Legius, are associated to mutations in genes included in the RAS/MAPK pathway (RASopathies), which is an important signalling pathway related to cell proliferation. Tonsillar descent into the upper cervical spinal canal, known as Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM), has been reported in patients with NS and this has led some researchers to suggest that ACM could be part of the phenotypic spectrum of NS. We report two cases of NS and ACM. CASE REPORTS: Case 1: 29-year-old female with Noonan phenotype who underwent surgery at the age of nine years due to pulmonary valve stenosis. At the age of 27, she presented symptomatic ACM that required surgical decompression. She presented the c.922A>G (N308D) mutation in the gene PTPN that belongs to the RAS/MAPK pathway. Case 2: a 10-year-old female with Noonan phenotype and asymptomatic ACM detected in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. She was a carrier of the c.923A>G (N308S) mutation in gene PTPN11. CONCLUSIONS: Six patients with this association have been found in the literature, four with the Noonan phenotype and two with LEOPARD. Our two patients provide supplementary evidence that backs up the hypothesis by which ACM would be part of the phenotypic spectrum of NS. The small number of reported cases of patients with this association does not allow us to draw up recommendations about when and how often neuroimaging studies should be performed; a careful neurological examination, however, should be included in the anticipatory health guidelines in syndromes involving the RAS/MAPK pathway.

TITLE: Malformacion de Arnold-Chiari en el sindrome de Noonan y otros sindromes de la via RAS/MAPK.Introduccion. El sindrome de Noonan (SN) y otros sindromes con fenotipo similar, como LEOPARD, cardiofaciocutaneo, Costello y Legius, estan asociados a mutaciones en genes incluidos en la via RAS/MAPK (rasopatias), una importante via de señalizacion relacionada con la proliferacion celular. El descenso de las amigdalas cerebelares dentro del canal medular cervical, conocido como malformacion de Arnold-Chiari (MAC), se ha descrito en pacientes afectos de SN, lo que ha llevado a sugerir que la MAC podria formar parte del espectro fenotipico del SN. Presentamos dos casos con SN y MAC. Casos clinicos. Caso 1: mujer de 29 años con fenotipo de Noonan. Fue intervenida a los 9 años de estenosis valvular pulmonar. A los 27 años, presento MAC sintomatica que preciso descompresion quirurgica. Presentaba mutacion c.922A>G (N308D) en el gen PTPN perteneciente a la via RAS/MAPK. Caso 2: niña de 10 años con fenotipo de Noonan y MAC asintomatica detectada en resonancia magnetica cerebral. Era portadora de la mutacion c.923A>G (N308S) en el gen PTPN11. Conclusiones. Hemos encontrado en la bibliografia seis pacientes con esta asociacion, cuatro con fenotipo Noonan y dos con LEOPARD. Nuestros dos pacientes aportan evidencia suplementaria a la hipotesis de que la MAC formaria parte del espectro fenotipico del SN. El escaso numero de pacientes publicados con esta asociacion no permite extraer recomendaciones sobre el momento y la frecuencia de estudio de neuroimagen; no obstante, una exploracion neurologica cuidadosa deberia incluirse en la guia anticipatoria de salud en los sindromes de la via RAS/MAPK.

Tumoral presentation of primary central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

PURPOSE: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is an angiocentric Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related B-cell proliferation associated with a reactive T-cell component with an uncertain malignant potential. LYG present at diagnosis as a mass lesion in the central nervous system (CNS) is rare, and only a few cases have been reported. In this article we present four cases of tumoral CNS-LYG and propose some guidelines for its management. METHODS: Clinical, pathological, imaging and laboratory information of four immunocompetent patients, all of them treated surgically, with a final diagnosis of LYG and presenting with an isolated intracranial tumoral mass is reviewed. RESULTS: Two parenchymal lesions were located in the cerebellum and temporal lobe, and the other two involved the cavernous sinus. At surgery they were avascular, hard, lard-like, necrotic and plastic well-defined lesions, with invasion of the leptomeninges and thrombosis of the small leptomeningeal arteries and veins. Intraoperative pathology excluded any tumor. Pathological studies showed a polymorphic and polyclonal infiltration around, in the wall and into the lumen of medium-sized cortical and leptomeningeal vessels causing their obstruction and tissular necrosis. EBV-infected cells were present. CONCLUSIONS: Making a preoperative diagnosis of CNS-LYG appearing initially as a tumoral mass is difficult because of the lack of pathognomonic clinical symptoms or imaging signs. Surgical management with radical resection of the mass is almost always followed by the long-term local control of the lesion, although the disease may have a disseminated, systemic or malignant evolution.

Klippel-Feil syndrome associated with posterior fossa dermoid cyst. Case report.

A patient with association of Klippel-Feil syndrome and posterior fossa dermoid cyst is presented. The patient, a 36-year-old man, presented with an acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to the cyst and exhibited the typical triad of the Klippel-Feil abnormality with short neck, low hairline implantation and limited neck motion along with a complex cervical vertebrae fusion. The anatomical and clinical features as well as the pathophysiology of this rare association are discussed after a review of the literature.