Lipid profile and fatty acid composition of marine fish species from Northeast coast of Brazil.

Total lipid content, fatty acid composition and nutritional profile of lipid fraction of fourteen fish species from the Brazilian Northeastern coast were evaluated. Lipid content was determined by Bligh and Dyer methodology, whereas the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The indices of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio were used to evaluate the nutritional quality of lipid fraction. The total lipid content ranged from 0.25 to 3.09%, with higher values in L. synagris. A significant difference (p < 0.05) were noted in fatty acids composition between the fourteen fish species. PUFA were the major fatty acids in twelve of fourteen species and C. leiarchus showed the highest content. The n-3 content ranged from 69.83 to 270.62 mg g-1 of total lipids, being EPA and DHA the major fatty acids in most of the species studied. The species L. synagris, M. bonaci and S. brasiliensis exceeded the WHO daily intake recommendation of 250 mg per day from those fatty acids. The quality indexes of the lipid fraction as well as the n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratios indicated that all fish species can be healthy nutritional options, and can bring many benefits to human health. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 79.78% of data variance. Also, it highlighted that despite the differences between the breeding strategies of fish families, the species could be grouped according to their similarity in fatty acids composition.

Effect of seasonal variations on fatty acid composition and nutritional profiles of siluriformes fish species from the amazon basin.

Siluriformes is a highly diverse order of species that exhibit a wide array of morphologies, diets and life strategies. This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variations on the proximate composition, fatty acid composition and nutritional profiles of nine fish species of Siluriformes order from the Amazon Basin. The proximate composition varied throughout seasonal periods with larger differences in total lipid content. Hypophthalmus edentaus showed the largest variation (9.26-26.29%) between drought and flood periods, respectively. The fatty acid composition also varied throughout seasonal periods; the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents significantly (p < 0.05) increased for most of the studied species in the flood period and n-3 fatty acids represented 23% of this increase. Docosahexaenoic acid was the most abundant PUFA during the flood period and Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (40.17 mg g-1) and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (39.93 mg g-1) showed the highest contents. Some species such as Ageneiosus inermis exceed the recommended daily intake of EPA + DHA. All the fish species presented favorable indices of nutritional quality for total lipids. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-principal component model that described 85.15% of the total data variance. It also highlighted that the nine fish species were affected by seasonal variations in their habitat, some to a greater extent than others. The results suggested that the consumption of those fish species contributed to human health.

Fatty acid composition and nutritional profiles of Brycon spp. from central Amazonia by different methods of quantification.

This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and the nutritional profile of Brycon cephalus and Brycon microlepis, fish species from the central Amazon basin, by different methods of quantification. The methods applied were: area normalization (MAN), internal standard (MIS), alternative theoretical (MAT) and alternative experimental (MAE). Significant differences were observed between the methods applied and the species studied. MAN supplied poor information about fatty acids composition and diet formulation, presenting only fatty acid profiles. MIS, MAT and MAE supplied fatty acids composition information on a mass basis. MAT and MAE overestimated results, whereas MIS presented the most accurate results. B. cephalus and B. microlepis showed high contents of approximately 65 mg g-1 of n-3 fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) content totaled, 104.37 mg 100 g-1 and 117.89 mg 100 g-1 for B. cephalus and B. microlepis, respectively. The nutritional profile of both fish species showed favorable indices for nutritional quality of the lipid fraction, indicating that both Brycon species are healthy dietary choices.

Production and characterization of crude and refined oils obtained from the co-products of Nile tilapia and hybrid sorubim processing.

In this study, crude oil was extracted by heating and filtering of the residual fat obtained from the processing of mechanically separated meats of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans×P. fasciatum) for protein concentrate obtaining. The crude oil was refined by the following steps: degumming with 85% phosphoric acid, neutralization with 20% NaOH, washing with hot water at 85 °C, drying at 90 °C, clarification with activated charcoal and filtration with diatomaceous earth and anhydrous sodium sulfate. The quality of crude and refined oils was verified by acidity, peroxide, iodine, refractive, and saponification indexes, beyond moisture, lipid and free fatty acids contents, and density. The results show that the refining reduced the acidity index of the crude oil, however, favored the oil oxidation, as demonstrated by the increase in peroxide index. In most of the cases there was no change in the identity of the fish oils.

Composição e estabilidade lipídica da farinha de espinhaço de tilapia / Composition and lipid stability of tilapia fishbone flour

Espinhaços de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) são partes do peixe de composição desconhecida. A composição lipídica dos espinhaços não é citada na literatura, bem como a estabilidade da farinha do espinhaço durante o armazenamento. Nesse sentido, realizou se estudo de processamento dos espinhaços envolvendo etapas de cocção, trituração, secagem, peneiramento e armazenamento da farinha. A farinha ficou armazenada sob refrigeração por um período de 90 dias, sendo sua qualidade monitorada por meio da composição em ácidos graxos, índice de acidez e análises microbiológicas. Os resultados da composição centesimal foram de 14,2 por cento (umidade), 40,8 por cento (proteína), 18,3 por cento (resíduo mineral fixo) e 25,3 por cento de lipídios totais. Nos lipídios totais foi identificado um total de 24 ácidos graxos, com predominância dos ácidos graxos (porcentagem média) de 27.4 por cento (ácido palmítico, 16:0), 35,15 por cento (ácido oléico, 18:1n-9) e 11,82 por cento (ácido linoléico, 18:2n-6) e, em menor proporção: 0,88 por cento (ácido alfa-linolênico, 18:3n-3), 0,08 por cento (ácido eicosapentaenóico, 20:5n-3) e 0,59 (ácido docosahexaenóico, 22:6n-3). Durante os 90 dias de armazenamento, foram observadas algumas alterações no índice de acidez e composição de alguns ácidos graxos, no entanto, para 60 dias de armazenamento, não foram observadas alterações na composição de nenhum ácido graxo, do índice de acidez e nas análises microbiológicas.

The composition of the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fishbone is unknown. Lipid composition fishbone is not cited in the literature, and neither is the stability of the flour of the fishbone during storage. We studied the processing of fishbone cooking, grinding, drying, sieving and the storage of the flour. The flour was stored in a refrigerator for a period of 90 days, and its quality was monitored through fatty acid composition, acid index and microbiology control. The results of the proximate composition were of 14.2 percent (moisture), 40.8 percent (protein), 18.3 percent (ash), and 25.3 percent total lipids. In the total lipids identified 24 fatty acids were identified, with predominance of the fatty acids (medium percentage) of 27.4 percent (palmitic acid, 16:0), 35.15 percent (oleic acmid, 18:1n-9) and 11.82 percent (linoleic acid , 18:2n-6) and, in smaller proportion: 0.88 percent (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3), 0.08 percent (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) and 0.59 (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). During the 90 days of storage some alterations were observed in the acid index and composition of some fatty acids, however, for 60 days of storage no alterations were observed in the fatty acids composition, acid index, and microbiology control.

Fatty acid concentration, proximate composition, and mineral composition in fishbone flour of Nile Tilapia.

Nile tilapia (Oreochormis niloticus) fishbone is a fish part with unknown composition. After elaboration of flour fishbone of tilapia it was analysede. The results in 100 g of flour were: moisture (14.2%), protein (40.8%), total lipids (25.3%), and ash (18.3%), and mineral (in 100 g) was 2715.9 mg (calcium), 1.3 mg (iron), and 1132.7 mg (phosphorus). A total of 22 fatty acids were detected in fishbone flour total lipids (TL), being the major ones in (g) of total lipids: 16:0 (208.5 mg); 18:1n-9 (344.3 mg); and 18:2n-6 (109.6 mg). The concentration of linolenic acid--LNA (18:3n-3); eicopentaenoic acid--EPA (20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid--DHA (22:6n-3) were (29.9 mg), (3.3 mg), and (12.9 mg), respectively. The content to saturated (SFA) were (296.2 mg), monounsaturated (MUFA) 415.0 mg, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) 175.6 mg. The ratio PUFA:MUFA:SFA was 1:2.4:1.7, and the ratio omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids were 2.8. The last is within the recommended values. The results show low concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids in flour. The value caloric and calcium, iron, phosphorus, and protein content the fishbone flour of tilapia may results a valuable alternative food in the human diet.

Fatty acid concentration, proximate composition and mineral composition in fishbone flour Nile Tilapia

El espinazo de tilapia (Oreochormis niloticus) es una parte del pescado con composición desconocida. Se obtuvo y analizó la harina de espinazo de tilapia. Los resultados hallados cada 100 gramos de producto fueron: humedad (14.2g), proteína (40.8g), lípidos totales (25.3g), cenizas (18.3g) y calorias (391Kcal). El contenido de minerales en 100g fue calcio (2715.9mg), hierro (1.3mg), y fósforo (1132.7mg). Un total de 22 ácidos grasos fueron encontrados en los lípidos totales de la harina de espinazo, siendo los mayoritarios por g de lípidos totales: 16:0 (208.5mg); 18:1n-9 (344.3mg) y 18:2n-6 (109.6mg). La concentración de ácido linolênico -LNA (18:3n-3); ácido eicosapentaenóico - EPA (20:5n-3), y ácido docosahexaenóico - DHA (22:6n-3) fueron (29.9mg), (3.3mg), y (12.9mg), respectivamente. El contenido de los saturados (SFA) fue 296.2mg, monoinsaturados (MUFA) 415.0mg y polinsaturados (PUFA) 175.6mg. La razón PUFA:MUFA:SFA fue 1:2, 4:1.7 y la razón ácidos grasos omega-6/ácidos grasos omega-3 fue 2.8. Esta última está de acuerdo con los valores recomendados. Los resultados mostraron bajas concentraciones de ácidos grasos omega 3 en la harina; sin embargo, por su aporte calórico, y por su contenido de calcio, hierro, fósforo y proteínas la harina del espinazo de tilapia puede resultar una alternativa interesante para la dieta humana.