Effects of the juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius) pulp and lyophilized extract on NRF2, KEAP1, SOD1, and GPX2 expression in human colorectal cancer cell lines.

We investigated the effects of the juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius) pulp and lyophilized extract on the expression of cytoprotective genes nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (NRF2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX2) in human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2). Cells were cultured for 24 h in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing juçara fruit pulp (5, 10, or 50 mg/mL) or lyophilized extract (0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/mL), and gene expression was quantified using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. All studied genes showed significant variation in gene expression among different concentrations of pulp or lyophilized extract. Overall, the expression of the selected genes decreased in both cell lines following exposure to the pulp or lyophilized extract in a dose-dependent manner for most of the concentrations studied. In summary, our study showed that the compounds in juçara fruit inhibited the expression of cytoprotective genes associated with the antioxidant response and that, although not cytotoxic at the concentrations studied, they could potentially block the activation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway.

Effects of the juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius) pulp and lyophilized extract on NRF2, KEAP1, SOD1, and GPX2 expression in human colorectal cancer cell lines

We investigated the effects of the juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius) pulp and lyophilized extract on the expression of cytoprotective genes nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (NRF2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX2) in human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2). Cells were cultured for 24 h in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing juçara fruit pulp (5, 10, or 50 mg/mL) or lyophilized extract (0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/mL), and gene expression was quantified using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. All studied genes showed significant variation in gene expression among different concentrations of pulp or lyophilized extract. Overall, the expression of the selected genes decreased in both cell lines following exposure to the pulp or lyophilized extract in a dose-dependent manner for most of the concentrations studied. In summary, our study showed that the compounds in juçara fruit inhibited the expression of cytoprotective genes associated with the antioxidant response and that, although not cytotoxic at the concentrations studied, they could potentially block the activation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway.

Leptin receptor expression and Gln223Arg polymorphism as prognostic markers in oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

The leptin gene product is released into the blood stream, passes through the blood-brain barrier, and finds the leptin receptor (LEPR) in the central nervous system. This hormone regulates food intake, hematopoiesis, inflammation, immunity, differentiation, and cell proliferation. The LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism has been reported to alter receptor function and expression, both of which have been related with prognostics in several tumor types. Furthermore, several studies have shown a relationship between the Gln223Arg polymorphism and tumor development, and its role in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is now well understood. In this study, 315 DNA samples were used for LEPR Gln223Arg genotyping and 87 primary oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were used for immunohistochemical expression analysis, such that a relationship between these and tumor development and prognosis could be established. Homozygous LEPR Arg223 was found to be associated with a 2-fold reduction in oral and oropharyngeal cancer risk. In contrast, the presence of the Arg223 allele in tumors was associated with worse disease-free and disease-specific survival. Low LEPR expression was found to be an independent risk factor, increasing the risk for lymph node metastasis 4-fold. In conclusion, the Gln223Arg polymorphism and LEPR expression might be valuable markers for oral and oropharyngeal cancer, suggesting that LEPR might serve as a potential target for future therapies.

Keratins 17 and 19 expression as prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Five-year survival rates for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are 30% and the mortality rate is 50%. Immunohistochemistry panels are used to evaluate proliferation, vascularization, apoptosis, HPV infection, and keratin expression, which are important markers of malignant progression. Keratins are a family of intermediate filaments predominantly expressed in epithelial cells and have an essential role in mechanical support and cytoskeleton formation, which is essential for the structural integrity and stability of the cell. In this study, we analyzed the expressions of keratins 17 and 19 (K17 and K19) by immunohistochemistry in tumoral and non-tumoral tissues from patients with OSCC. The results show that expression of these keratins is higher in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor tissues. Positive K17 expression correlates with lymph node metastasis and multivariate analysis confirmed this relationship, revealing a 6-fold increase in lymph node metastasis when K17 is expressed. We observed a correlation between K17 expression with disease-free survival and disease-specific death in patients who received surgery and radiotherapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that low expression of K17 was an independent marker for early disease relapse and disease-specific death in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy, with an approximately 4-fold increased risk when compared to high K17 expression. Our results suggest a potential role for K17 and K19 expression profiles as tumor prognostic markers in OSCC patients.

MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms as predictors of radiotherapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

The C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which regulates the release of active folate in the body, may have reduced activity. Given that folate participates in important intracellular pathways, such as nucleotide synthesis and biomolecule methylation, it seems plausible that patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may respond differently to radiotherapy treatments, based on genetic polymor-phisms. Therefore, this study sought to understand the role of these polymorphisms in HNSCC patient radiotherapy response. Genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP after extraction of DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Survival curves were analyzed by the Kaplan- Meier model, and significant differences were analyzed by the Wil-coxon test. Response to radiotherapy in patients with laryngeal SCC was significantly associated with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism (P = 0.030). Indeed, the presence of at least one T allele decreases the mortality rate up to 3-fold. Therefore, we propose that MTHFR C677T may represent a putative biomarker for radiotherapy prognosis in la-ryngeal SCC patients.

Prognostic significance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma repair gene polymorphism.

The aims of this study were to analyze the polymorphisms XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC1 Arg399Gln, XRCC3 Thr241Met, XPC Lys939Gln, ERCC1 Asn118Asn, and RAD51 -98G>C and to verify their influence on radiotherapy response and prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Peripheral blood DNA was extracted from 311 patients and analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Our results showed that in irradiated oral and oropharyngeal patients, the 939Gln allele increased 6-fold local disease relapse risk (OR = 6.04; CI = 1.47-24.88) and over 2-fold the earliness of relapse (HR = 2.63; CI = 1.04-6.70). As for the XRCC3 polymorphism, multivariate analysis showed that the 241Met allele increases over 33-fold local relapse risk (OR = 33.64; CI = 3.23-350.85), over 12-fold earliness of relapse (HR = 12.55; CI = 2.47-63.73) and over 3-fold earliness of death (HR = 3.04; CI = 1.08-8.61). For polymorphism RAD51 -98, multivariate analysis showed that allele C increases over 3-fold the risk of relapse (OR = 3.13; CI = 1.12-8.78) and over 2-fold the earliness of relapse (HR = 2.84; CI = 1.25-6.47). For polymorphism XRCC1 Arg399Gln, multivariate analysis showed that the 399Gln allele increased the risk of local disease relapse for irradiated oral and oropharyngeal patients (OR = 3.35; CI = 1.10-10.13) by over 3-fold. Based on these results, we suggest that these polymorphisms may be useful markers of prognosis in HNSCC.

DAP1 high expression increases risk of lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.

Death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) is a member of the DAP family. Its expression is associated with cell growth and normal death of the neoplastic cells, regulated by the mammalian target of the rapamycin protein. Activated DAP1 negatively regulates autophagy, which has been associated with the development and progression of several diseases, such as cancer, and with prognosis and survival of diverse tumor types. Therefore, in this study we analyzed DAP1 expression in 54 oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor samples and in 20 non-tumoral margins by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that DAP1 is more frequently expressed in tumor tissues compared with marginal non-tumoral cells. Additionally, high DAP1 expression is associated with a 4-fold increase in the risk of lymph node metastases. Our results suggest that the DAP1 protein can be used as a potential marker of lymph node metastases predisposition, helping define the best therapy for each patient to minimize risk of developing metastases.

FAS ligand expression in inflammatory infiltrate lymphoid cells as a prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Currently, the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the presence of regional lymph node metastases, which correlates with a 50% reduction in life expectancy. We have previously observed that expression of hypoxia genes in the tumor inflammatory infiltrate is statistically related to prognosis in OSCC. FAS and FASL expression levels in OSCC have previously been related to patient survival. The present study analyzed the relationship between FASL expression in the inflammatory infiltrate lymphoid cells and clinical variables, tumor histology, and prognosis of OSCC. Strong FASL expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastases (P = 0.035) and disease-specific death (P = 0.014), but multivariate analysis did not confirm FASL expression as an independent death risk factor (OR = 2.78, 95%CI = 0.81-9.55). Disease-free and disease-specific survival were significantly correlated with FASL expression (P = 0.016 and P = 0.005, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that strong FASL expression is an independent marker for earlier disease relapse and disease-specific death, with approximately 2.5-fold increased risk compared with weak expression (HR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.08-4.65 and HR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.04-5.99, respectively). Our results suggest a potential role for this expression profile as a tumor prognostic marker in OSCC patients.