ABSTRACT
Vitamin A and D deficiencies are associated with immune modulatory effects and intestinal barrier impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a diet lacking in vitamin A (VAd), vitamin D (VDd) or a control diet (CD) for 12 weeks. Gut barrier function, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) defense and regulatory pathways were assessed. VAd mice compared to CD mice showed a reduced villus length in the ileum (p < 0.01) and decreased crypt depth in the colon (p < 0.05). In both VAd- and VDd-fed mice, ileal α-defensin 5 (p < 0.05/p < 0.0001 for VAd/VDd) and lysozyme protein levels (p < 0.001/p < 0.0001) were decreased. Moreover, mRNA expression of lysozyme (p < 0.05/p < 0.05) and total cryptdins (p < 0.001/p < 0.01) were reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (Mmp7) mRNA (p < 0.0001/p < 0.001) as well as components of the Wnt signaling pathway were decreased. VAd- and VDd-fed mice, compared to control mice, exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers and ß-defensins in the colon. Organoid cell culture confirmed that vitamins A and D regulate AMP expression, likely through the Jak/STAT5 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data show that vitamin A and D regulate intestinal antimicrobial peptide defense through Wnt and STAT5 signaling pathways.
