Fish optimize sensing and respiration during undulatory swimming.

Previous work in fishes considers undulation as a means of propulsion without addressing how it may affect other functions such as sensing and respiration. Here we show that undulation can optimize propulsion, flow sensing and respiration concurrently without any apparent tradeoffs when head movements are coupled correctly with the movements of the body. This finding challenges a long-held assumption that head movements are simply an unintended consequence of undulation, existing only because of the recoil of an oscillating tail. We use a combination of theoretical, biological and physical experiments to reveal the hydrodynamic mechanisms underlying this concerted optimization. Based on our results we develop a parsimonious control architecture that can be used by both undulatory animals and machines in dynamic environments.

"One voice-one vision" for Wisconsin pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how a new organization, reflecting a new vision and unifying the pharmacists of Wisconsin, was created by bringing together organizationally the resources and memberships of the Wisconsin Pharmacists Association and the Wisconsin Society of health-System Pharmacists. SETTING: State of Wisconsin. DESCRIPTION: The boards of directors of the two precursor organizations initiated an exploration of the desirability and feasibility of creating a single, new organization to represent, with a unified voice, all of Wisconsin's pharmacists. This two-year effort resulted in the creation of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin (PSW) on January 1, 1998. INNOVATION: The new organization builds on the strengths and resources of two pharmacy organizations that previously represented divergent views and practice settings. PSW offers a new vision and level of service to its members and to pharmacy students. It presents a single voice to patients, other health care providers, and governmental agencies. RESULTS: The creation of the Society was supported unanimously by the two boards of directors and by 98% of the voting membership of the two previous organizations. CONCLUSION: Through a deliberate and extensive planning and organizational process, two vigorous professional organizations were able to recognize the importance of combining their resources into a new single organization. The pharmacists of Wisconsin responded to a call for a new vision and a unified voice. The opportunity exists for American pharmacy to examine how it will be best served by its professional organizations.