APOE ε4 Allele Frequency Among Cognitively Healthy Members of an Ojibwe Tribal Nation.

Objectives: APOE ε4 frequency varies by geography and ancestry. We provide data regarding the frequency of this allele in the Ojibwe people, the fifth largest Indigenous people in the United States. Methods: Population study including 33 cognitively normal older individuals of an Ojibwe Tribal Nation (total population: 984; all with ≥25% Ojibwe ancestry). Results: APOE ε4 allele frequency was 19.7%, which is comparable with other cognitively normal American Indian, Alaskan Native, and non-Hispanic White populations of the United States and Europe, with the exception of a lower frequency among Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma participants with >50% American Indian ancestry. Discussion: While some global populations have very low APOE ε4 prevalence, this allele appears common among American Indian Tribal Nations included thus far in the United States. Because APOE ε4 is a cornerstone for novel diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease (AD), future study is warranted to understand ancestry-dependent effects of APOE ε4 on AD risk and biology.

PTP1B phosphatase dampens iPSC-derived neutrophil motility and antimicrobial function.

Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and are critical for pathogen clearance. Therapeutic use of primary neutrophils has been limited as they have a short lifespan and are not amenable to genetic manipulation. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can provide a robust source of neutrophils for infusion and are genetically tractable. However, current work has indicated that dampened intracellular signaling limits iPSC-derived neutrophil (iNeutrophil) cellular activation and antimicrobial response. Here, we show that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibits intracellular signaling and dampens iNeutrophil effector function. Deletion of the PTP1B phosphatase increased PI3K and ERK signaling and was associated with increased F-actin polymerization, cell migration and phagocytosis. In contrast, other effector functions like NETosis and ROS production were reduced. PTP1B-deficient neutrophils were more responsive to A. fumigatus and displayed rapid recruitment and control of hyphal growth. Accordingly, depletion of PTP1B increased production of inflammatory factors including the neutrophil chemokine IL-8. Taken together, these findings suggest that PTP1B limits iNeutrophil motility and antimicrobial function.

Maternal vaccination against COVID-19 and neonatal outcomes during Omicron: INTERCOVID-2022 study.

BACKGROUND: In early 2023, when Omicron was the variant of concern, we showed that vaccinating pregnant women decreased the risk for severe COVID-19-related complications and maternal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 during pregnancy on newborns and the effects of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on neonatal outcomes when Omicron was the variant of concern. STUDY DESIGN: INTERCOVID-2022 was a large, prospective, observational study, conducted in 40 hospitals across 18 countries, from November 27, 2021 (the day after the World Health Organization declared Omicron the variant of concern) to June 30, 2022, to assess the effect of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes and to assess vaccine effectiveness. Women diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during pregnancy were compared with 2 nondiagnosed, unmatched women recruited concomitantly and consecutively during pregnancy or at delivery. Mother-newborn dyads were followed until hospital discharge. The primary outcomes were a neonatal positive test for COVID-19, severe neonatal morbidity index, severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index, preterm birth, neonatal death, referral to neonatal intensive care unit, and diseases during the neonatal period. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated with adjustment for maternal risk profile. RESULTS: We enrolled 4707 neonates born to 1577 (33.5%) mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 and 3130 (66.5%) nondiagnosed mothers. Among the diagnosed mothers, 642 (40.7%) were not vaccinated, 147 (9.3%) were partially vaccinated, 551 (34.9%) were completely vaccinated, and 237 (15.0%) also had a booster vaccine. Neonates of booster-vaccinated mothers had less than half (relative risk, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.91) the risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19 when compared with those of unvaccinated mothers; they also had the lowest rates of preterm birth, medically indicated preterm birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and number of days in the neonatal intensive care unit. Newborns of unvaccinated mothers had double the risk for neonatal death (relative risk, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.00) when compared with those of nondiagnosed mothers. Vaccination was not associated with any congenital malformations. Although all vaccines provided protection against neonatal test positivity, newborns of booster-vaccinated mothers had the highest vaccine effectiveness (64%; 95% confidence interval, 10%-86%). Vaccine effectiveness was not as high for messenger RNA vaccines only. Vaccine effectiveness against moderate or severe neonatal outcomes was much lower, namely 13% in the booster-vaccinated group (all vaccines) and 25% and 28% in the completely and booster-vaccinated groups, respectively (messenger RNA vaccines only). Vaccines were fairly effective in protecting neonates when given to pregnant women ≤100 days (14 weeks) before birth; thereafter, the risk increased and was much higher after 200 days (29 weeks). Finally, none of the neonatal practices studied, including skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding, increased the risk for infecting newborns. CONCLUSION: When Omicron was the variant of concern, newborns of unvaccinated mothers had an increased risk for neonatal death. Neonates of vaccinated mothers had a decreased risk for preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. Because the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination decreases with time, to ensure that newborns are maximally protected against COVID-19, mothers should receive a vaccine or booster dose no more than 14 weeks before the expected date of delivery.

Neutrophil motility is regulated by both cell intrinsic and endothelial cell ARPC1B.

Neutrophil-directed motility is necessary for host defense, but its dysregulation can also cause collateral tissue damage. Actinopathies are monogenic disorders that affect the actin cytoskeleton and lead to immune dysregulation. Deficiency in ARPC1B, a component of the Arp2/3 complex, results in vascular neutrophilic inflammation; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neutrophils (denoted iNeutrophils) that are deficient in ARPC1B and show impaired migration and a switch from forming pseudopodia to forming elongated filopodia. We show, using a blood vessel on a chip model, that primary human neutrophils have impaired movement across an endothelium deficient in APRC1B. We also show that the combined deficiency of ARPC1B in iNeutrophils and endothelium results in further reduction in neutrophil migration. Taken together, these results suggest that ARPC1B in endothelium is sufficient to drive neutrophil behavior. Furthermore, the findings provide support for using the iPSC system to understand human neutrophil biology and model disease in a genetically tractable system.

Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant.

Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.

Variability and relative contribution of surgeon- and anesthesia-specific time components to total procedural time in cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Decreasing variability in time-intensive tasks during cardiac surgery may reduce total procedural time, lower costs, reduce clinician burnout, and improve patient access. The relative contribution and variability of surgeon control time (SCT) and anesthesia control time (ACT) to total procedural time is unknown. METHODS: A total of 669 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were enrolled. Using linear regression, we estimated adjusted SCTs and ACTs, controlling for patient and procedural covariates. The primary endpoint compared overall SCTs and ACTs. The secondary endpoint compared the variability in adjusted SCTs and ACTs. Sensitivity analyses quantified the relative importance of the specific surgeon and anesthesiologist in the adjusted linear models. RESULTS: The median SCT was 4.1 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 3.4-4.9 hours) compared to a median ACT of 1.0 hours (IQR, 0.8-1.2 hours; P < .001). Using linear regression, the variability in adjusted SCT among surgeons (range, 1.8 hours) was 3.5-fold greater than the variability in adjusted ACT among anesthesiologists (range, 0.5 hour; P < .001). The specific surgeon and anesthesiologist accounted for 50% of the explanatory power of the predictive model (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: SCT variability is significantly greater than ACT variability and is strongly associated with the surgeon performing the procedure. Although these results suggest that SCT variability is an attractive operational target, further studies are needed to determine practitioner specific and modifiable attributes to reduce variability and improve efficiency.

A lionfish-inspired predation strategy in planar structured environments.

This paper investigates a pursuit-evasion game with a single pursuer and evader in a bounded environment, inspired by observations of predation attempts by lionfish (Pterois sp.). The pursuer tracks the evader with a pure pursuit strategy while using an additional bioinspired tactic to trap the evader, i.e. minimize the evader's escape routes. Specifically, the pursuer employs symmetric appendages inspired by the large pectoral fins of lionfish, but this expansion increases its drag and therefore its work to capture the evader. The evader employs a bioinspired randomly-directed escape strategy to avoid capture and collisions with the boundary. Here we investigate the trade-off between minimizing the work to capture the evader and minimizing the evader's escape routes. By using the pursuer's expected work to capture as a cost function, we determine when the pursuer should expand its appendages as a function of the relative distance to the evader and the evader's proximity to the boundary. Visualizing the pursuer's expected work to capture everywhere in the bounded domain, yields additional insights about optimal pursuit trajectories and illustrates the role of the boundary in predator-prey interactions.

Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, we showed an increased risk associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy. Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has undergone genetic mutations. We aimed to examine the effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 during pregnancy, and evaluate vaccine effectiveness, when omicron (B.1.1.529) was the variant of concern. METHODS: INTERCOVID-2022 is a large, prospective, observational study, involving 41 hospitals across 18 countries. Each woman with real-time PCR or rapid test, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in pregnancy was compared with two unmatched women without a COVID-19 diagnosis who were recruited concomitantly and consecutively in pregnancy or at delivery. Mother and neonate dyads were followed until hospital discharge. Primary outcomes were maternal morbidity and mortality index (MMMI), severe neonatal morbidity index (SNMI), and severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index (SPMMI). Vaccine effectiveness was estimated, adjusted by maternal risk profile. FINDINGS: We enrolled 4618 pregnant women from Nov 27, 2021 (the day after WHO declared omicron a variant of concern), to June 30, 2022: 1545 (33%) women had a COVID-19 diagnosis (median gestation 36·7 weeks [IQR 29·0-38·9]) and 3073 (67%) women, with similar demographic characteristics, did not have a COVID-19 diagnosis. Overall, women with a diagnosis had an increased risk for MMMI (relative risk [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·03-1·31]) and SPMMI (RR 1·21 [95% CI 1·00-1·46]). Women with a diagnosis, compared with those without a diagnosis, also had increased risks of SNMI (RR 1·23 [95% CI 0·88-1·71]), although the lower bounds of the 95% CI crossed unity. Unvaccinated women with a COVID-19 diagnosis had a greater risk of MMMI (RR 1·36 [95% CI 1·12-1·65]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in the total sample increased the risk of severe maternal complications (RR 2·51 [95% CI 1·84-3·43]), perinatal complications (RR 1·84 [95% CI 1·02-3·34]), and referral, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death (RR 11·83 [95% CI 6·67-20·97]). Severe COVID-19 symptoms in unvaccinated women increased the risk of MMMI (RR 2·88 [95% CI 2·02-4·12]) and referral, ICU admission, or death (RR 20·82 [95% CI 10·44-41·54]). 2886 (63%) of 4618 total participants had at least a single dose of any vaccine, and 2476 (54%) of 4618 had either complete or booster doses. Vaccine effectiveness (all vaccines combined) for severe complications of COVID-19 for all women with a complete regimen was 48% (95% CI 22-65) and 76% (47-89) after a booster dose. For women with a COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccine effectiveness of all vaccines combined for women with a complete regimen was 74% (95% CI 48-87) and 91% (65-98) after a booster dose. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 in pregnancy, during the first 6 months of omicron as the variant of concern, was associated with increased risk of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, especially among symptomatic and unvaccinated women. Women with complete or boosted vaccine doses had reduced risk for severe symptoms, complications, and death. Vaccination coverage among pregnant women remains a priority. FUNDING: None.

Lung cancer screening in primary care.

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the evidence supporting low-dose CT to screen for lung cancer, and the risks, costs, and challenges of implementing broad-based screening for eligible patients. Increased familiarity with lung cancer screening guidelines by primary care and specialty clinicians presents an opportunity to improve lung cancer screening rates and to save lives from the most common cause of cancer death in the United States.

The persistent-predation strategy of the red lionfish (Pterois volitans).

The pursuit of prey is vital to the biology of a predator and many aspects of predatory behaviour are well-studied. However, it is unclear how a pursuit can be effective when the prey is faster than a non-cryptic predator. Using kinematic measurements, we considered the strategy of red lionfish (Pterois volitans) as they pursued a faster prey fish (Chromis viridis) under laboratory conditions. Despite swimming about half as fast as C. viridis, lionfish succeeded in capturing prey in 61% of our experiments. This successful pursuit behaviour was defined by three critical characteristics. First, lionfish targeted C. viridis with pure pursuit by adjusting their heading towards the prey's position and not the anticipated point of interception. Second, lionfish pursued prey with uninterrupted motion. By contrast, C. viridis moved intermittently with variation in speed that included slow swimming. Such periods allowed lionfish to close the distance to a prey and initiate a suction-feeding strike at a relatively close distance (less than 9 cm). Finally, lionfish exhibited a high rate of strike success, capturing prey in 74% of all strikes. These characteristics comprise a behaviour that we call the 'persistent-predation strategy', which may be exhibited by a diversity of predators with relatively slow locomotion.

Association of family characteristics with health status and needs among children with congenital heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: Low socio-economic status is associated with poorer quality of life among children with congenital heart disease (CHD), but this finding is based on disparities among children remaining under cardiology follow-up. We used a population-based health survey data set to analyse the impact of socio-economic status on health and functional status among children with CHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 2007-2018 National Health Interview Survey data, selecting children 2-17 years of age who had been diagnosed with CHD. Outcomes included caregiver-rated general health, presence of functional limitations, number of missed school days, need for special education, and need for special equipment related to the child's health conditions. Socio-economic status measures included maternal educational attainment, food stamp programme participation, poverty status, and insurance coverage. RESULTS: Based on a sample of 233 children with CHD, 10% had fair or poor health, 38% reported having any health-related limitation on their usual activities, 11% needed special equipment, and 27% received special education services. On multivariable analysis, lower maternal educational attainment was correlated with worse caregiver-rated health, and children without insurance were especially likely to experience functional limitations. Black children with CHD had significantly worse caregiver-rated health compared to White children (ordered logit odds ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.45; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based survey of children with CHD, race and several measures of socio-economic status disadvantage were associated with worse health outcomes. Further evaluation of social determinants of health during cardiology follow-up may help improve outcomes for children with CHD in socio-economically disadvantaged families.

Imaging for Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices.

Heart failure is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Changes in organ allocation for solid thoracic (lung and heart) transplantation has increased the number of patients on mechanical circulatory support. Temporary mechanical support devices include devices tht support the circulation directly or indirectly such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and temporary support for right-sided failure, left-sided failure or biventricular failure. Most often, these devices are placed percutaneously and require either guidance with echocardiography, continuous radiography (fluoroscopy) or both. Furthermore, these devices need imaging in the intensive care unit to confirm continued accurate placement. This review contains the imaging views and nuances of the temporary assist devices (including ECMO) at the time of placement and the complications that can be associated with each individual device.

Virtually Serving the Underserved: Resident Perceptions of Telemedicine Use While Training During Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Introduction: To adapt during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a large safety-net hospital in Atlanta, Georgia and other hospitals across the United Sates, increased telemedicine (TM) for outpatient visits. The impact on resident physicians, including minority providers, had not yet been reported. We aimed to assess how primary care residents perceived increased TM in clinics during the pandemic, and assess resident burnout. Materials and Methods: An online survey was sent to 60 internal medicine (IM) and 18 family medicine (FM) residents who used TM to treat underserved patients, from March to May 2020, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included questions on resident demographics, satisfaction with TM, screening capability for COVID-19, effectiveness for patient education on COVID-19, impact on patient interactions and time management. Burnout was assessed with the Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: A majority (62 of 78) eligible residents (79.5%) responded to the survey. Ninety-one percent of residents agreed that TM was a secure alternative to face-to-face encounters. Seventy-nine percent used it to screen for signs/symptoms of COVID-19 and 93% provided patient education on COVID-19. Average visit length decreased by 10-20 min with TM. Post-TM, scores for overall burnout were decreased (p = 0.0003) and less residents in total exhibited burnout (p = 0.0156). Discussion and Conclusions: IM and FM residents viewed TM as an efficient way to screen for and provide education on COVID-19, as well as a secure alternative to face-to-face encounters. With increased used of TM during COVID-19, there was decreased burnout among primary care residents.

Infectious Complications of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Incidence.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) is a newer form of neuromodulation that targets the dorsal root ganglion. DRGS has superior efficacy in complex regional pain syndrome compared to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and may have efficacy in other forms of chronic pain. While decades of safety data are available for SCS, there is less available safety information for DRGS. The objectives of this systematic review and pooled analysis of incidence are to determine the overall incidence of DRGS infections, incidence at each stage (trial vs implant vs revision), infection characteristics, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of databases from January 1980 to January 2021 was conducted. RESULTS: Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Eight studies reported patients with trial data (n = 291), ten studies reported patients with implant data (n = 250), and seven studies reported data with revisions (n = 26). The pooled incidence of trial infections was 1.03% (95% CI 0.35-2.99%), implant infections was 4.80% (95% CI 2.77-8.20%), revision infections was 3.85% (95% CI 0.20-21.59%), and overall infections was 2.82% (95% CI 1.62-4.54%). There was a statistically significant difference in infection rates between the trial, implant, and revision stages, X2 (2, N = 567) = 8.9839, p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review and pooled analysis that followed PRISMA guidelines to report infectious complications of DRGS by stage (trial vs implant vs revision). DRGS trial appears to be low risk for infection but that risk is significantly increased with DRGS implant. Our findings highlight the need for further study of infectious complications, their risks, and optimal prophylaxis.

Pursuit and Evasion Strategies in the Predator-Prey Interactions of Fishes.

Predator-prey interactions are critical to the biology of a diversity of animals. Although prey capture is determined by the direction, velocity, and timing of motion by both animals, it is generally unclear what strategies are employed by predators and prey to guide locomotion. Here we review our research on fishes that tests the pursuit strategy of predators and the evasion strategy of prey through kinematic measurements and agent-based models. This work demonstrates that fish predators track prey with variations on a deviated-pursuit strategy that is guided by visual cues. Fish prey employ a mixed strategy that varies with factors such as the direction of a predator's approach. Our models consider the stochastic nature of interactions by incorporating measured probability distributions to accurately predict measurements of survivorship. A sensitivity analysis of these models shows the importance of the response distance of prey to their survival. Collectively, this work demonstrates how strategy affects the outcome of predator-prey interactions and articulates the roles of sensing, control, and propulsion. The research program that we have developed has the potential to offer a framework for the study of strategy in the predator-prey interactions of a variety of animals.

Randomized controlled trial of single-use negative-pressure wound therapy dressings in morbidly obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery.

BACKGROUND: The single-use negative-pressure wound therapy dressings are designed to use over a closed surgical wound. Early prospective studies suggested that these dressings may be of potential benefit in reducing cesarean wound complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that incisional negative-pressure wound therapy decreases postoperative wound morbidity compared with standard surgical dressing in patients with class III obesity undergoing cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: In a single-site, parallel, randomized controlled trial, participants with class III obesity (body mass index ≥40 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in the study. Patients were consented in the ambulatory obstetrical units, on admission to the antepartum service, and on labor and delivery before active labor. Patients who had a cesarean delivery were randomized to either the standard surgical dressing or a prophylactic negative-pressure wound therapy device. The randomization was achieved using permuted blocks of 4, 6, and 8 in a 1:1 allocation ratio. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of wound complications. The planned enrollment of 242 subjects was based on the power to detect a 50% decrease in the composite wound outcome, assuming a 30% baseline wound morbidity rate for this population. The outcomes were assessed by study staff blinded to the patient's treatment arm. RESULTS: An unplanned interim analysis was performed because of the slow enrollment and publication of larger trials showing no benefit of the negative-pressure wound therapy. Of 411 eligible patients during the study period, 212 participants with class III obesity were enrolled. Of these, 110 underwent cesarean delivery and were subsequently randomized (55 to standard dressing and 55 to prophylactic negative-pressure wound therapy device). The primary outcome occurred in 29.1% in the standard surgical dressing compared with 20% in the negative-pressure wound therapy group (risk difference, 9.1%; 95% confidence interval, -8.3 to 25.8%; P=.38). The study was stopped early because of a low enrollment rate and lower likelihood of seeing a clinically significant benefit. CONCLUSION: The trial was stopped after an unplanned, interim analysis showed the use of a prophylactic negative-pressure wound therapy device used for cesarean delivery did not reduce wound complications compared with a standard surgical dressing.

Nicotine-free vapor inhalation produces behavioral disruptions and anxiety-like behaviors in mice: Effects of puff duration, session length, sex, and flavor.

Electronic-cigarette's (ECIGs) popularity has grown over the last decade and changed the way individuals administer nicotine. Preclinical research is imperative for understanding the addictive properties and health-risks associated with ECIG use; however, there is not a standard dosing regimen used across research laboratories. The main objective was to determine how vapor puff durations, administration session length, and flavored e-liquid alter general and mood-disorder related behaviors while providing a foundation of vapor administration parameters. Adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to several nicotine-free unflavored vapor puff durations (1, 3, 6, or 10 s) and vapor administration session lengths (10 and 30 min) then measured on the following assays: locomotor activity (LMA), tail suspension test (TST), and light-dark test. The effects of mecamylamine and the time-course of vapor-induced depression of LMA also were assessed. Additionally, mice were exposed to flavored (strawberry and adventurers tobacco blend) vapor inhalation and measured on locomotor activity, tail suspension test, and light-dark test. Following both 10 and 30 min vapor administration session, there was a puff duration-dependent decrease in distance traveled, time in center, and rearing. The vapor-induced depression of LMA was not mediated by nicotine or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activation and lasted 60-90 min. The 10 s puff duration produced an anxiogenic-like effect in the light-dark test by decreasing the time spent in the light side. Vapor inhalation did not significantly alter TST behavior. No significant effects of sex or flavor were found. The anxiogenic-like effects of nicotine-free vapor inhalation are concerning as many adolescents vape nicotine-free flavored e-liquid, and there is an association between ECIGs and mood disorders. Additionally, these studies demonstrate that vapor puff duration, but not vapor administration session length, is an important variable to consider during research design as it can become a confounding variable and alter baseline behaviors.

Assessment of Patient and Provider Satisfaction With the Change to Telehealth From In-Person Visits at an Academic Safety Net Institution During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic that forced medical providers to rapidly alter methods of health care delivery. One month into this pandemic, we surveyed providers and patients to assess satisfaction or concerns with the change from in-person visits. METHODS: We surveyed internal medicine (IM) and family medicine (FM) faculty and residents to ascertain satisfaction or concerns with the change to telehealth from in-person visits. RESULTS: Of patients surveyed (129 IM, 94 FM), 84.4% of IM patients and 94% of FM patients agreed or strongly agreed that they enjoyed the televisits, and 82.9% of IM providers (47 surveyed) and 64% of FM providers (25 surveyed) felt the same. For continued televisits, 76.74% of IM patients and 84.1% of FM patients agreed or strongly agreed that they would not mind having virtual visits after the pandemic, compared with 89.44% of IM providers and 88% of FM providers, and 91% of IM providers and 88% of FM providers felt comfortable managing visits virtually. CONCLUSION: Patients are open to the expanded use of telemedicine, and providers and hospital systems should be prepared to embrace it for the benefit of patient care.

Prevalence of chronic pain after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The reported prevalence of chronic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) varies widely due, in part, to differences in the taxonomy of chronic pain. A widely used classification system is available to describe subcategories of chronic pain in SCI, but the prevalence of chronic pain in SCI based on this system is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of chronic pain after SCI based on the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain (ISCIP) classification system. EVIDENCE REVIEW: A comprehensive search of databases from January 1980 to August 2019 was conducted. The risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool developed for uncontrolled studies. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to assess certainty in prevalence estimates. FINDINGS: A total of 1305 records were screened, and 37 studies met inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of overall chronic pain was 68% (95% CI 63% to 73%). The pooled prevalence of neuropathic pain in 13 studies was 58% (95% CI 49% to 68%); the pooled prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in 11 studies was 56% (95% CI 41% to 70%); the pooled prevalence of visceral pain in 8 studies was 20% (95% CI 11% to 29%) and the pooled prevalence of nociceptive pain in 2 studies was 45% (95% CI 13% to 78%). Meta-regression of risk of bias (p=0.20), traumatic versus non-traumatic etiology of injury (p=0.59), and studies where pain was a primary outcome (p=0.32) demonstrated that these factors were not significant moderators of heterogeneity. Certainty in prevalence estimates was judged to be low due to unexplained heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis extends the findings of previous studies by reporting the prevalence of chronic pain after SCI based on the ISCIP classification system, thereby reducing clinical heterogeneity in the reporting of pain prevalence related to SCI.