ABSTRACT
The short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2 is able to stimulate signaling via both Gi- and Gq/G11-promoted pathways. These pathways are believed to control distinct physiological end points but FFA2 receptor ligands appropriate to test this hypothesis have been lacking. Herein, we characterize AZ1729, a novel FFA2 regulator that acts as a direct allosteric agonist and as a positive allosteric modulator, increasing the activity of the endogenously produced short chain fatty acid propionate in Gi-mediated pathways, but not at those transduced by Gq/G11 Using AZ1729 in combination with direct inhibitors of Gi and Gq/G11 family G proteins demonstrated that although both arms contribute to propionate-mediated regulation of phospho-ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling in FFA2-expressing 293 cells, the Gq/G11-mediated pathway is predominant. We extend these studies by employing AZ1729 to dissect physiological FFA2 signaling pathways. The capacity of AZ1729 to act at FFA2 receptors to inhibit ß-adrenoreceptor agonist-promoted lipolysis in primary mouse adipocytes and to promote chemotaxis of isolated human neutrophils confirmed these as FFA2 processes mediated by Gi signaling, whereas, in concert with blockade by the Gq/G11 inhibitor FR900359, the inability of AZ1729 to mimic or regulate propionate-mediated release of GLP-1 from mouse colonic preparations defined this physiological response as an end point transduced via activation of Gq/G11.
Subject(s)
Depsipeptides/pharmacology , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Receptors, Cell Surface , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Allosteric Regulation/drug effects , Animals , Colon/metabolism , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/antagonists & inhibitors , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/antagonists & inhibitors , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics , GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism , Humans , Lipolysis/drug effects , Lipolysis/genetics , MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , Neutrophils/metabolism , Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolismABSTRACT
GPR103, a G-protein coupled receptor, has been reported to have orexigenic properties through activation by the endogenous neuropeptide ligands QRFP26 and QRFP43. Recognizing that central administration of QRFP26 and QRFP43 increases high fat food intake in rats, we decided to investigate if antagonists of GPR103 could play a role in managing feeding behaviors. Here we present the development of a new series of pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridines as GPR103 small molecule antagonists with GPR103 affinity, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and safety parameters suitable for drug development. In a preclinical obesity model measuring food intake, the anorexigenic effect of a pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine GPR103 antagonist was demonstrated. In addition, the dynamic 3D solution structure of the C-terminal heptapeptide of the endogenous agonist QRFP26(20-26) was determined using NMR. The synthetic pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine antagonists were compared to this experimental structure, which displayed a possible overlay of pharmacophore features supportive for further design of GPR103 antagonists.
Subject(s)
Arginine/chemistry , Drug Design , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Phenylalanine/chemistry , Pyridines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors , Amino Acid Motifs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
[Acyl CoA]monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) is of interest as a target for therapeutic treatment of diabetes, obesity and other diseases which together constitute the metabolic syndrome. In this Letter we report our discovery and optimisation of a novel series of MGAT2 inhibitors. The development of the SAR of the series and a detailed discussion around some key parameters monitored and addressed during the lead generation phase will be given. The in vivo results from an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) using the MGAT2 inhibitor (S)-10, shows a significant reduction (68% inhibition relative to naÑve, p<0.01) in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration.
Subject(s)
Acyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Acyltransferases/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Half-Life , Humans , Mice , Nanostructures/chemistry , Povidone/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
A new series of pyrazinecarboxamide DGAT1 inhibitors was designed to address the need for a candidate drug with good potency, selectivity, and physical and DMPK properties combined with a low predicted dose in man. Rational design and optimization of this series led to the discovery of compound 30 (AZD7687), which met the project objectives for potency, selectivity, in particular over ACAT1, solubility, and preclinical PK profiles. This compound showed the anticipated excellent pharmacokinetic properties in human volunteers.
Subject(s)
Acetates/chemistry , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrazines/chemistry , Acetates/pharmacokinetics , Acetates/pharmacology , Animals , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Pyrazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Rats , SolubilityABSTRACT
A novel series of P2Y(12) antagonists for development of drugs within the antiplatelet area is presented. The synthesis of the piperazinyl-pyridine urea derivatives and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) are described. Several compounds showed P2Y(12) antagonistic activities in the sub-micromolar range.
