[On integration of the iodine deficiency elimination and salt reduction programs].

Excessive salt intake is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases, but salt iodization is the most effective method of population-based prevention of iodine deficiency. Therefore, an assessment of dietary iodine intake from the use of iodized salt in the food industry and potential reductions in salt intake is needed. Objective. To assess the feasibility of integrating iodine deficiency prevention and salt reduction programmes among the adult population in the Republic of Belarus. Material and methods. Using the thiocyanate-nitrite method, the determination of iodine in various types of foods was carried out. Taking into account the actual dietary intake, estimated using the frequency method among 583 respondents over 18 years old, living in Minsk, from various socioeconomic groups, alimentary iodine intake was assessed at different levels of salt use in households. The level of iodine sufficiency was additionally estimated on the base of urinary excretion data obtained by the cerium-arsenite spectrophotometric method in 100 healthy adults over the age of 18 living in Minsk (65 women and 35 men). Results. As part of the legal framework for the use of iodized salt in food production, there has been a steady increase in iodine levels in the target products (bakery and meat products to 42.0 and 133.3 µg/100 g respectively). The content of the discussed micronutrient in the diet of the adult population has raised at least 1.9-fold in recent decades, to 237.3 µg/day in the most realistic consumption model. The main source of iodine among this subpopulation is commercially produced foods with iodized salt, which forms 30-58% of the alimentary iodine exposure. Consumption of salt in Belarus averages 10.6 g per day, which poses a risk of developing noncommunicable diseases and necessitates programmes to reduce the level of salt in the diet. Modeling of scenarios with reduction of salt use in households in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that the main contribution to dietary iodine exposure will be made by bread products (38%), about 1/3 will be formed by table salt, the value of non-target fortified products (milk and eggs) will increase (up to 21%). The contribution of table iodized salt to the dietary iodine exposure reaches 43% at actual consumption levels and will decrease to 18% if it is reduced to the WHO recommended values. The median of ioduria among those surveyed is 136.8 µg/l, indicating adequate iodine supply. Conclusion. In implementing joint programs on prevention of iodine deficiency and cardiovascular diseases associated with excessive salt intake, it is necessary to consider national conditions - mandatory use of iodized salt in food industry, its level of fortification, content of this micronutrient in foodstuffs and structure of their consumption among certain population groups.

[The problem of iodine deficiency and its solution in the republic of Belarus].

The problem of iodine deficiency is relevant to the Republic of Belarus. It's confirmed by virtually commonly found geophysical iodine deficiency in soils and waters. Data on iodine deficiency initiated the development of a state strategy for the elimination of iodine deficiency in the population. This strategy determined the mandatory use of iodized salt only in the country in the food industry and catering as the main event for the elimination of iodine deficiency. The aim of this work was a comprehensive evaluation of the results of the implementation of the strategy for elimination of iodine deficiency among the population of the Republic of Belarus. Medical monitoring of the assessment of the efficacy showed the decrease in the incidence of simple non-toxic goiter in adolescents from 1215,23 per 100,000 population in 1998 to 341,25 in 2013 (3.6 times), and indices ofprimary morbidity rate in children fell by 2.9 times. Over the period from 1998 primary morbidity rate of simple nontoxic goiter decreased significantly in adults from 379.9 to 31,71 people per 100,000 of the population in 2013 respectively (almost 12 times). Data of the assessment of ioduria in Belarus indicate that 89.2% of children enrolled in the study have iodine excretion of more than 100 pg/L. Thus, in the Republic of Belarus there was achieved the level of an adequate intake of iodine with foodstuffs. This model ofprevention of iodine deficiency, as well as the traditional approach based on the adoption of the law, is a versatile and cost-effective mode.

New measurement of the K+-->pi+ nunu branching ratio.

Three events for the decay K+-->pi+ nunu have been observed in the pion momentum region below the K+-->pi+pi0 peak, 140 < Ppi < 199 MeV/c, with an estimated background of 0.93+/-0.17(stat.) -0.24+0.32(syst.) events. Combining this observation with previously reported results yields a branching ratio of B(K+-->pi+ nunu) = (1.73(-1.05)+1.15) x 10(-10) consistent with the standard model prediction.

Bernas ion source discharge simulation.

As the technology and applications continue to grow up, the development of plasma and ion sources with clearly specified characteristic is required. Therefore comprehensive numerical studies at the project stage are the key point for ion implantation source manufacturing (especially for low energy implantation). Recently the most commonly encountered numerical approach is the Monte Carlo particle-in-cell (MCPIC) method also known as particle-in-cell method with Monte Carlo collisions. In ITEP the 2D3V numerical code PICSIS-2D realizing MCPIC method was developed in the framework of the joint research program. We present first results of the simulation for several materials interested in semiconductors. These results are compared with experimental data obtained at the ITEP ion source test bench.

Status of ITEP decaborane ion source program.

The joint research and development program is continued to develop steady-state ion source of decaborane beam for ion implantation industry. Both Freeman and Bernas ion sources for decaborane ion beam generation were investigated. Decaborane negative ion beam as well as positive ion beam were generated and delivered to the output of mass separator. Experimental results obtained in ITEP are presented.

Ion sources for energy extremes of ion implantation.

For the past four years a joint research and development effort designed to develop steady state, intense ion sources has been in progress with the ultimate goal to develop ion sources and techniques that meet the two energy extreme range needs of meV and hundreads of eV ion implanters. This endeavor has already resulted in record steady state output currents of high charge state of antimony and phosphorus ions: P(2+) [8.6 pmA (particle milliampere)], P(3+) (1.9 pmA), and P(4+) (0.12 pmA) and 16.2, 7.6, 3.3, and 2.2 pmA of Sb(3+)Sb(4+), Sb(5+), and Sb(6+) respectively. For low energy ion implantation, our efforts involve molecular ions and a novel plasmaless/gasless deceleration method. To date, 1 emA (electrical milliampere) of positive decaborane ions was extracted at 10 keV and smaller currents of negative decaborane ions were also extracted. Additionally, boron current fraction of over 70% was extracted from a Bernas-Calutron ion source, which represents a factor of 3.5 improvement over currently employed ion sources.

Improved measurement of the K+-->pi+nunu; branching ratio.

An additional event near the upper kinematic limit for K+-->pi(+)nunu; has been observed by experiment E949 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Combining previously reported and new data, the branching ratio is B(K+-->pi(+)nunu;)=(1.47(+1.30)(-0.89))x10(-10) based on three events observed in the pion momentum region 211

Effects of nitric oxide donors on Ca2+-dependent [14C]GABA release from brain synaptosomes: the role of SH-groups.

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates processes of synaptic transmission at pre- and postsynaptic levels. In the present work we studied the mechanisms of action of NO on [gamma-14C]amino-n-butyric acid ([14C]GABA) release in rat cortical synaptosomes. NO donors--S-nitroso-L-cysteine and hydroxylamine (but not sodium nitroprusside)--inhibited the neurotransmitter efflux in a concentration range from 10 microM to 1 mM. Nitrosocysteine completely and selectively suppressed the Ca2+-dependent (vesicular) [14C]GABA release, while not affecting the Ca2+-independent component of the [14C]GABA transport. The influence of NO donors was not related to activation of guanylyl cyclase, since the membrane-permeable cGMP analog dibutyryl-cGMP did not mimic and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor methylene blue did not change the NO effects. In contrast, the membrane-permeable SH-reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) resembled the effects of NO donors on the Ca2+-dependent [14C]GABA release. The degree of inhibition of the release by nitrosocysteine, hydroxylamine, and NEM correlated with their ability to oxidize intra-synaptosomal SH-groups. These data suggest that synaptosomal sulfhydryl groups are the target for NO action at the presynaptic level. The NO-induced oxidation of thiols may be involved in physiological and, especially, pathological effects of nitric oxide in the central nervous system.

Early experimental studies on hemoperfusion as a treatment modality for acute radiation disease.

First results of the studies on hemoperfusion therapy of acute radiation disease that were conducted in Kiev in 1976 are presented. In these studies, 69 mongrel dogs were exposed to irradiation at a dose of 525 rad (5.25 Gy). It was proved that hemoperfusion through uncoated synthetic activated carbons led to a noticeable increase in their survival rate, from 3.2% in the control group (n = 31) to 68.4% and 62.4% for the dogs that received extracorporeal treatment at 2 h (n = 19) and 24 h (n = 19) after irradiation, respectively.

[The functional status of the hypophyseal-adrenal cortical adaptation system in children in Byelarus living under the action of low doses of radiation after the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / O funktsional'nom sostoianii gipofizarno-kortikoadrenalovoi sistemy adaptatsii detei Belarusi, zhivushchikh v usloviiakh deistvii malykh doz radiatsii posle avarii na ChAES.

The analysis of the status of sympatho-adrenal and hypophysis-adrenal medulla systems of adaptation in children living in territories contaminated by radionuclides was carried out. A decrease in the catecholamine level in children's urine and hyperactivity of the hormonal response of adrenal medulla to endogenous ACTH indicated the reduced ability of adaptation and decreased resistance of children's organisms to stress factors of the environment.

[Effect of erythropifadin on the morphofunctional characteristics of donor blood preserved for a long time]. / Vliianie éritropifadena na morfofunktsional'nye kharakteristiki dlitel'no khranimoi donorskoi krovi.

Adenine- and riboxine-containing erythropifaden has been studied for possibility to be used for restoring a functional value of erythrocytes in conserved donor blood stored for 35-49 days. Energy supply and oxygen transport function of erythrocytes are shown to get normal and their morphological composition--to get considerably improved. Besides, osmotic resistance and deformability of erythrocytes insignificantly change while concentration of riboxine in blood and that of substances with average molecular mass remain considerably high. One of the ways to remove the above shortcomings is application of hemosorbents.

[A rapid radioenzyme method for determining dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the basal ganglia of the rat brain]. / Bystryi radiofermentnyi metod opredeleniia dofamina i 3,4-dioksifeniluksusnoi kisloty v bazal'nykh gangliiakh mozga krys.

A rapid and high sensitive radioenzymatic method of determination in the rat brain basal ganglia of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA) whose methylated derivatives were divided by extraction with organic solvents is proposed. The method sensitivity for DA is 0.25 ng in a sample and for DHPA 0.1 ng in a sample. The yield of the internal standard is 80-85%. The method is high specific, the cross reaction during determination of DA and DHPA does not exceed 5%. The study of the effects of some dopaminergic agents (apomorphine, haloperidol. L-DOPA and pargyline on the contents of DA and DHPA in the rat brain basal ganglia in vivo confirms a high specificity of the method. The method may be used for screening of pharmacological compounds possessing the suggested dopaminergic and antimonoamine oxidase activity.

Hemosorption of restored long-preserved blood.

Incubation of long-preserved donor blood erythrocytes (over 21 days) with rejuvenating solution Erythropifaden resulted in an increased ATP concentration to 2.03 +/- 0.34 mmol/l; increased 2,3-DPG to 3.89 +/- 0.51 mmol/l, and the number of erythrocyte discoid forms was raised to 30%. Further blood perfusion through SKN-D hemosorbent allowed to reduce the following adenine level to zero; riboxine by 90; citrate and lactate by 50%. The plasma K+ was decreased from 29.8 +/- 1.25 to 13.0 +/- 0.87 mmol/l, while blood pH rose from 6.675 +/- 0.018 to 7.310 +/- 0.028. At the end of the perfusion, the ATP level was seen to further increase to 2.53 +/- 0.28 mmol/l, and 2,3-DPG to 4.99 +/- 0.7 mmol/l. The indices of osmotic resistance and deformability of erythrocytes were normalized. The discocyte number reached 40%. The amount of red blood cell irreversible forms declined from 26 to 13% without any increment plasma free hemoglobin. The data obtained confirm the high efficacy of the combination of the rejuvenating and hemosorption procedures when applied to stored long-preserved blood.

[Enkephalin and cyclic nucleotide content in the brain structures of rats at different stages of the formation and development of alcoholic dependence]. / Soderzhanie énkefalinov i tsiklicheskikh nukleotidov v strukturakh mozga krys v razlichnye stadii formirovaniia i razvitiia alkogol'noi zavisimosti.

Rats with increased alcohol motivation have been found to have a rise in enkephalin levels in limbic cortex and a decrease in met-enkephalin levels in the brain basal ganglia. Reduction of met-enkephalin to leu-enkephalin ratio in basal ganglia, limbic cortex and hypothalamus may serve as an index of increased inclination to ethanol in these animals. Alcohol dependence is characterized by reduced cAMP content in the majority of brain structures studied, sharply decreased met-enkephalin levels in limbic cortex and hypothalamus, and diminished cAMP and cGMP content in hypothalamus. In the third stage of experimental alcoholism the partial normalization of met-enkephalin and cAMP levels is observed in brain structures, with cGMP content increased in hypothalamus and considerably reduced in basal ganglia.

[Mechanisms of regulating monoamine oxidase activity in different brain regions]. / O nekotorykh mekhanizmakh reguliatsii aktivnosti monoaminoksidaz v razlichnykh otdelakh mozga.

Both in vitro and in vivo rates of oxidative deamination of 3H-dopamine (DA), 14C-tyramine (T), 14C-noradrenaline (NA), 3H-serotonine (S) and benzylamine (BA) by monoamine oxidases of homogenates of rat brain cortex, brain stem and basal ganglia were shown to be different either after administration of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) and of N1-d,l-seryl-N2/(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl) hydrazine (Ro 4-4602) or after their simultaneous administration into the animals. L-DOPA and Ro 4-4602, administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, did not affect distinctly the NA and S deamination in various parts of brain. Ro 4-4602 inhibited selectively the BA deamination in basal ganglia; simultaneous administration of the drug together with l-DOPA caused more pronounced inhibition of BA deamination; it decreased also the rate of deamination of DA and T in the ganglia. L-DOPA, Ro 4-4602 and their combination were especially effective at concentration 10(-4) M. These data characterize one of possible mechanisms of distinct antiparkinsonic action of these drugs. Ro 4-4602 was shown to inhibit the deamination of DA and S noncompetitively. L-DOPA (10(-5)--10(-4) M) activated selectively the DA deamination in brain mitochondria.