[Characteristics of the cells producing thymic chemotactic factor for bone marrow stem cells]. / Kharakteristiki kletok-produtsentov timusnogo khemotaksicheskogo faktora dlia stvolovykh élementov kostnogo mozga.

It was shown using complement-dependent cytolysis and monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, and NK1.1 antigens that the cortisone-resistant CD3+4-8-NK1.1(-)-thymocytes spontaneously secreted a chemotactic transmitter inducing the release and directed migration of bone marrow cells. When estimating the general profile of the cytokines of these thymocytes by PCR with revertase, it was demonstrated the cells in question did not express cytokines with colony stimulating activities (SCF, IL-3, or GM-CSF) or cytokines affecting the migration of bone marrow stem elements (IL-2, 4, or 7). In addition, an active expression of gene bcl-2 was detected. Thus, the chemotactic cytokine inducing the release of bone marrow stem elements is a product of the cortisone-resistant long-living CD3+4-8-NK1.1(-)-T-cells of the thymus.

[Use of heat shock of antigen-presenting cells for functional testing of allospecificity memory T-cells]. / Ispol'zovanie teplovogo shoka antigenprezentiruiushchikh kletok dlia funktsional'nogo testirovaniia allospetsivicheskikh T-kletok pamiati.

For many years, the search for the appropriate method of testing the functional activity of the memory T-cells was an urgent problem and determined progress in the study of immunological memory. We proposed simple methods of functional testing the memory of CD8+ T-cells specific to the H-2Kb alloantigen based on measuring their proliferation in response to heat-treated allogenic splenocytes and cells of allogenic tumors in vitro. Primary proliferative response to the alloantigen was shown not to develop when the allogenic antigen-presenting cells were subjected to an acute (45 degrees C, 1 h) or moderate (42 degrees C, 30 min) heat shock. The block of the primary allogenic response of naive T-lymphocytes to the heated splenocytes could not be abrogated by the addition of exogenous IL-2 and was not due to deletion or suppression of antigen-reactive clones. On the contrary, the long-lived memory CD8+ T-cells induced in the course of the primary in vivo response were capable of proliferation in response to heat-treated allogenic stimulators carrying the same immunizing antigen. The different response of the naive T-cells and memory T-cells to the allogenic stimulators subjected to a heat shock might be due to a strict dependence of the naive T-cells on the inducing co-stimulation provided by the B7 ligand, whose expression was suppressed in the cultures containing the heat-treated stimulator cells. These results probably suggest that a specific immunoregulatory mechanism exists that is based on a disorder in costimulatory functions due to the cellular stress-response induced in the antigen-presenting cells.

[Deletion-insertion polymorphism in the V-region of mitochondrial DNA in ten Mongoloid populations of Siberia, Frequency of deletion correlates with the geographic coordinates of the locality]. / Deletsionno-insertsionnyi polimorfizm v V-oblasti mtDNK v desiati mongoloidnykh populiatsiiakh Sibiri chastota deletsii korreliruet s geograficheskimi koordinatami mestnosti.

Deletion-insertion polymorphism in the V-region of mitochondrial DNA was analysed in ten mongoloid populations of Siberia. Frequencies of 9-bp deletion and 4-bp insertion in the populations were: 7.7 and 1.5% in Buryats; 10.2 and 0.8% in north Altais: 1.4 and 0.0% in Nanays; 1.5 and 0.0% in eastern Evenks; no deletions and insertions of such type were revealed in western Evenks, and also in Mansi, Yakuts, Chukcha and Eskimos. Correlation analysis of the data about the populations from Siberia, foreign Asia and Oceania revealed a geographical gradient of the deletion frequency which increases towards the East. The azimuth of the deletion frequency geographical gradient direction is 170 degrees. The deletion frequency gradient (Z) within the limits from the subarctic regions of Siberia to the west regions of Oceania is described quite completely with the multiple regression equation: Z = 30.516 - 0.840 (latitude) + 0.145 (longitude). The part of geographical factor within the total variability of the deletion frequency is 64%. The regularity discovered does not extend to the indian population of America.

[A simple and effective method for isolation of DNA from fossil bones for subsequent amplification using the polymerase chain reaction]. / Prostoi i éffektivnyi metod vydeleniia DNK iz iskopaemykh kostei dlia posleduiushcheii amplifikatsii s pomoshch'iu polimeraznoi tsepnoi reaktsii.

A method for DNA extraction from fossil bones based on DNA water elution from the bone powder is proposed. The method allows extraction of paleo-DNA from the great number of bone specimens simultaneously within one day and in quantities sufficient for DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction.

[Genetic differentiation of the inhabitants of Mongolia. Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA RFLPs and mitotypes in the inhabitants of Mongolia and a population assessment of the mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome]. / Geneticheskaia differentsiatsiia naseleniia Mongolii. Geograficheskoe raspredelenie PDRF i mitotipov mitokhondrial'noi DNK v naselenii Mongolii i populiatsionnaia otsenka skorosti mutatsii v mitokhondrial'nom genome.

The geographical distribution of the Asian specific deletion--insertion polymorphisms and or the RFLP's in the V noncoding region and the D-loop and of the mitotypes was analysed in Mongolia. The frequencies of the mtDNA markers demonstrated homogeneity of 18 local groups in Mongolia. The geographical distribution of the mitotypes showed the existence of two ancestral maternal lineages in mongols. There was no significant difference in the average FST values between mitochondrial gene flow and the nuclear gene flow of the Mongolian population. The equality of FST values permit to calculate the mutation rate for the human mtDNA--6.10(-9) per nucleotide per year. The data reveals the Mongolian population is in the equilibrium.

[Genetic differentiation of the Mongolian population. Comparative analysis of the geographic distribution of biochemical markers of genes and restriction fragment length polymorphism of nuclear DNA in the Mongolian population]. / Geneticheskaia differentsiatsiia naseleniia Mongolii. Sravnitel'nyi analiz geograficheskogo raspredeleniia biokhimicheskikh markerov genov i polimorfizma dlin restriktsionnykh fragmentov iadernoi DNK v naselenii Mongolii.

The geographical distribution of the gene frequencies from loci: Hp, Tf, Gc, Pi, AcP1, GLO1, EsD, 6-PGD, PGM1 and RFLP's of the nuclear DNA of the loci HBG-2 (HindIII), HBB (AvaII), ApoB (XbaI), D7S8 (PstI), LDLR (HincII) and AT-3 was analysed in the Mongolian population. These data revealed the homogeneity of 18 local groups in Mongolia and extremely low genetic differences measured by GST. There was no differences in the average GST values between protein markers and nuclear DNA markers.

[DNA polymorphism in the Russian population. Analysis of dna restriction fragment length polymorphism in seven loci of the nuclear genome]. / Polimorfizm DNK v russkom naselenii. Analiz polimorfizma dlin restriktionnykh fragmentov DNK lokusakh iadernogo genoma.

Using the method for polymerase chain reaction the polymorphism of eight markers of the nuclear DNA was studied. In a sample of Russians taken at random (N = 118) from predominantly southern and central regions of Russia, allele frequencies were determined for restriction sites HindIII at HBG-2 and PAH loci, AvaII at the HBB locus, MspI at the ApoB locus, PstI at D7S8, HincII at LDLR, TaqI and BamHI at the DSX164. Comparative data for different world regions are presented.

[DNA polymorphism in the Mongolian population. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA at seven loci of the nuclear genome]. / Polimorfizm DNK v naselenii Mongolii. Analiz polimorfizma dlin restriktsionnykh fragmentov DNK v semi lokusakh iadernogo genoma.

Seven DNA markers from five genes and one chromosomal region were analysed in Mongolian population using the polymerase chain reaction. The frequencies of alleles of the polymorphisms detected with HindIII in the HBG-2, AvaII in the HBB, MspI and XbaI in the Apo-B, PstI in the D7S8, HincII in the LDLR and allele frequency of the minisatellite fragment in the AT-3 have been determined. The results of the RELP for Apo-B(MspI), LDLR, D7S8 and AT-3 are obtained for the first time among Mongoloids. DNA markers studied demonstrated high level of polymorphisms in the population of Mongolia, except for XbaI and MspI restriction sites at the Apo-B locus. The data obtained for Mongolian population and the literature data were compared.

[DNA polymorphism in the Mongolian population. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA]. / Polimorfizm DNK v naselenii Mongolii. Analiz PDRF mitokhondrial'noi DNK.

Restriction enzyme fragment patterns in the D loop and deletion-insertion polymorphism in the V noncoding region of human mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) were analysed in Mongolian population using the polymerase chain reaction. Polymorphisms were detected and mt DNAs classified into 40 types using seven enzymes--AvaII, BamHI, CfrI131, KpnI, EcoRV, HaeIII RsaI and Asian specific deletion and insertion. The allele frequencies of the polymorphisms and gene diversity were determined. The data obtained for Mongolian population and the literature data were comparatively studied.

[Genetic structure of the Mongols as derived from the ABO, MN, Rh, EsD, GLO1, PGM1, AcP, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3 and ChE2 loci]. / Geneticheskaia struktura mongolov po lokusam ABO, MN, Rh, EsD, GLO1, PGM1, AcP, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3 and ChE2.

According to integral characterization of gene frequencies of the investigated loci AB0, MN, Rh, GLO1, PGM1, EsD, AcP, 6-PGD, Hp, Tf, Gc, C'3 and ChE2, Mongolian population has high level of polymorphism, with the exception of haplotypes R" (cdE) and Ry(CdE) at the Rh locus and TfB0-1 at the Tf locus. The data on biochemical and immunological polymorphic gene markers analysed in the population of Mongolia show that the Mongolians have some distinctive features, in comparison with the mean-in-the-world characteristics: high frequencies of the B genes at the AB0 locus; D, E, R1 and R2 at the Rh locus; GLO11, PGDc, TfDChi, E2(C5+), PGM1(1+); low frequencies of the genes A(AB0), R0(Rh), AcPc, Hp1, Gc2, C'3F, PGM 1(2-); the rest of the genes at the above-mentioned loci and the genes of the locus MN have the mean-in-the-world frequencies.

[Genetics of Caucasian population: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in western Georgia]. / Genetika narodonaseleniia Kavkaza: raspredelenie nekotorykh immunologicheskikh i biokhimicheskikh markerov v Zapadnoi Gruzii.

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kell-Cellano), plasma proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3) and red-cell enzymes (AcP, EstD, GLO-1), and also ABH secretion among 10 populations of Western Georgia has been studied. The common characteristic of distribution of gene frequencies for the markers studied was obtained as a whole in Georgia. The Georgians were compared for these markers with some populations of the Caucasus, Europe and West Asia. Among Caucasian populations, Georgians are most similar to Abkhasians. According to some systems, Georgians are close to European groups (ABO, Dubby, GLO-1, EstD), while they are similar to West-Asian groups, as judged by other systems (ABH secretion, AcP). According to Rhesus and MNSs systems, Georgians differ both from populations of Europe and from populations of West Asia.

[Biochemical gene markers in Komy populations]. / Biokhimicheskie markery genov u narodov komi.

Gene pool of two Komy groups and Komy-Permiakh group has been characterized for biochemical gene markers Hp, Tf, Gc, C'3, PGM1, EsD, AcP, GLO1. Genetical characteristics of the groups investigated, other Finnish-Ugorh peoples and those neighbouring Komy peoples of no Finnish-Ugorh origin are compared. Genetical position of Komy peoples in the system of peoples of the Euro-Asia has been defined.

[Genetics of human populations of Caucasus: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in eastern Georgia]. / Genetika narodonaseleniia Kavkaza: raspredelenie nekotorykh immunologicheskikh i biokhimicheskikh markerov v Vostochnoi Gruzii.

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (AB0, P, Rhesus, MNSs, Duffy, Lewis, Kell-Cellano), of the serum proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3), red-cell enzymes (AcP, EstD, GLO1) and also ABH-secretion among seven native populations of Eastern Georgia has been studied. The frequencies of genes and haplotypes were calculated for the polymorphic markers and the results obtained were used in analysis of interpopulation variation and genetic relationship of these populations to their geographical neighbours as well as to European and West Asian populations.

[Determination of the genetic polymorphism of the 3d complement component (C'3) by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. / Opredelenie geneticheskogo polimorfizma tret'ego komponenta komplementa (C'3) metodom vertikal'nogo élektroforeza v poliakrilamidnom gele.

A variant of the vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, hitherto not applied in determination of C'3, is used. The method allows simultaneous determination of the C'3 phenotypes and other serum proteins in human blood. In this paper, the influence of aging of the serum samples and of the Tf polymorphism on the C'3 electrophoregram is discussed. The gene frequencies in Mongolian population (MPR) are: C'3S = 0.9605, C'3F = 0.0375, and the rare variants C'3Srare = 0.0013, C'3Frare = 0.0007; in Chukchi these are 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, respectively; in Eskimos - 0.9556, 0.0222, 0.0111; Evenki - 0.9359, 0.0641, 0.0; Yakuts - 0.9091, 0.0909, 0.0; Komi-Zyrians - 0.8507, 0.1493, 0.0; Komi-Permiyak - 0.8176, 0.1698, 0.0068.