Association between bone mineral density and content and physical growth parameters among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During childhood and adolescence, there are significant increases in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate physical growth parameters associated with BMD and BMC among children and adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, among 63 children and adolescents (aged 8-15 years) diagnosed with HIV. METHOD: BMD, BMC and fat percentage z score were evaluated using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Age/height z score and body mass index (BMI)/age z score were obtained in accordance with international recommendations, and bone age was obtained through hand-wrist radiography. Sex, family income, information on HIV infection (T CD4+ lymphocyte count, viral load and type of antiretroviral therapy, moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior) were used as adjustment variables in the analyses. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Subtotal BMD (without the head region) was directly associated with bone age, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. Subtotal BMC/height was directly associated with bone age, height/age z score, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Subtotal BMD and subtotal BMC/height were directly associated with physical growth indicators among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.

Association between bone mineral density and content and physical growth parameters among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: During childhood and adolescence, there are significant increases in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate physical growth parameters associated with BMD and BMC among children and adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, among 63 children and adolescents (aged 8-15 years) diagnosed with HIV. METHOD: BMD, BMC and fat percentage z score were evaluated using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Age/height z score and body mass index (BMI)/age z score were obtained in accordance with international recommendations, and bone age was obtained through hand-wrist radiography. Sex, family income, information on HIV infection (T CD4+ lymphocyte count, viral load and type of antiretroviral therapy, moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior) were used as adjustment variables in the analyses. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Subtotal BMD (without the head region) was directly associated with bone age, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. Subtotal BMC/height was directly associated with bone age, height/age z score, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Subtotal BMD and subtotal BMC/height were directly associated with physical growth indicators among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.

Does antiretroviral therapy change the relationship between body composition and muscle strength in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV?

Background: HIV infection and prolonged use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can impact the body composition and muscle strength of HIV-infected children and adolescents. Therefore, the aim was to verify the association between lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) and handgrip strength (HGS) in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV using or not using ART (with or without protease inhibitors [PI]).Method: Cross-sectional study with 65 children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV aged 8-15 years of both sexes. LSTM was obtained through dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and HGS using hydraulic dynamometer. Information on viral load, CD4+ T lymphocytes and type of ART (with or without [PI]) were obtained from medical records. Simple and multiple linear regression (adjusted for viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes) was used, with p < 0.05.Results: For children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV using ART without PI, the model (LSTM, viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes) explained 68% of HGS variability. For group with ART and PI, the model explained 73%. For group that did not use ART, the model was not associated with HGS.Conclusion: The magnitude of the association between LSTM and HGS was greater than in children and adolescents using ART with PI. ImpactIt is recognized that in the long-term antiretroviral drugs can negatively impact the body composition of children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV. However, few studies have investigated the short-term impact of drug use.The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with protease inhibitor (PI) increased the explanatory power of lean soft tissue mass with muscle strength in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.These results demonstrate the importance of antiretroviral drugs in the short term. Further studies are needed to identify how and when interventions are needed to reduce the negative effects of drugs in the long term.

Association between handgrip strength and bone mass parameters in HIV-infected children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Low bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and adolescents. The direct adverse effects of HIV infection and combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) negatively contribute to bone metabolism. A direct relationship between muscle strength levels and BMD in HIV-infected adults and older adults has been described. However, it is unknown whether handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with bone mass in pediatric populations diagnosed with HIV. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether HGS levels are associated with BMC and BMD in HIV-infected children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianãpolis, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The subjects were 65 children and adolescents (8-15 years) diagnosed with vertically-transmitted HIV. Subtotal and lumbar-spine BMC and BMD were obtained via dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). HGS was measured using manual dynamometers. The covariates of sex, ART, CD4+ T lymphocytes and viral load were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Sexual maturation was self-reported and physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Simple and multiple linear regression were used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS: HGS was directly associated with subtotal BMD (β = 0.002; R² = 0.670; P < 0.001), subtotal BMC (β = 0.090; R² = 0.734; P = 0.005) and lumbar-spine BMC (β = 1.004; R² = 0.656; P = 0.010) in the adjusted analyses. However, no significant association was found between HGS and lumbar-spine BMD (β = 0.001; R² = 0.464; P = 0.299). CONCLUSION: HGS was directly associated with BMD and BMC in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Association between handgrip strength and bone mass parameters in HIV-infected children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Low bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and adolescents. The direct adverse effects of HIV infection and combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) negatively contribute to bone metabolism. A direct relationship between muscle strength levels and BMD in HIV-infected adults and older adults has been described. However, it is unknown whether handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with bone mass in pediatric populations diagnosed with HIV. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether HGS levels are associated with BMC and BMD in HIV-infected children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianãpolis, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The subjects were 65 children and adolescents (8-15 years) diagnosed with vertically-transmitted HIV. Subtotal and lumbar-spine BMC and BMD were obtained via dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). HGS was measured using manual dynamometers. The covariates of sex, ART, CD4+ T lymphocytes and viral load were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Sexual maturation was self-reported and physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Simple and multiple linear regression were used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS: HGS was directly associated with subtotal BMD (ß = 0.002; R² = 0.670; P < 0.001), subtotal BMC (ß = 0.090; R² = 0.734; P = 0.005) and lumbar-spine BMC (ß = 1.004; R² = 0.656; P = 0.010) in the adjusted analyses. However, no significant association was found between HGS and lumbar-spine BMD (ß = 0.001; R² = 0.464; P = 0.299). CONCLUSION: HGS was directly associated with BMD and BMC in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Determinantes sociodemográficos da falta de prontidão para atividade física em adultos quilombolas / Sociodemographic determinants of lack of readiness for physical activity in quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) adults

Objetivo: analisar os determinantes sociodemográficos da falta de prontidão para atividade física (FPAF) em adultos quilombolas. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de residentes em quilombos de região geográfica baiana. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista com uso de formulário padronizado sobre características sociodemográficas e a FPAF. Utilizou-se qui-quadrado de Pearson para análise de associação e a regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência, ambas considerando significância estatística para p<0,05. Resultados: a amostra apresentou predomínio do sexo feminino (61,2%) e idade média de 45,0+17,0 anos. A FPAF foi prevalente em 62,9% (IC95%: 59,6: 66,2) dos quilombolas. Os problemas ostearticulares que pioram com atividade física (36,2%) foram os principais problemas indicados como impedimento para a inserção imediata em programas de AF. A FPAF se associou independentemente com sexo e grupo etário. Conclusão: ser do sexo feminino e ter idade >40 anos aumentam a probabilidade para a FPAF em adultos quilombolas.

Objective: to analyze the sociodemographic determinants of physical activity readiness (PAR) in quilombolas adults. Methodology: this is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of residents in quilombos of the Bahian geographical region. Data were obtained through interviews using a standardized form on sociodemographic characteristics and PAR. Pearson's chi-square was used for association analysis and Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios, both considering statistical significance for p<0.05. Results: the sample had a predominance of females (61.2%) and a mean age of 45.0+17.0 years. PAR was prevalent in 62.9% (95% CI: 59.6:66.2) of quilombolas. Ostearticular problems that worsen with physical activity (36.2%) were the main problems indicated as impediment to immediate insertion in PA programs. PAR was independently associated with gender and age group. Conclusion: Being female and> 40 years of age increases the likelihood of PAR in quilombolas adults.

Simultaneidades dos componentes da síndrome metabólica em adultos quilombolas baianos, Brasil / Clusters of metabolic syndrome components in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from bahia state, Brazil / Simultaneidades de los componentes del síndrome metabólico en adultos de quilombolas (habitantes de comunidades negras) baianos, Brasil

Objetivo: analisar os padrões de simultaneidade da síndrome metabólica e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em quilombolas baianos. Métodos: Na amostra representativa de 850 adultos quilombolas, os componentes da síndrome metabólica foram definidos conforme o critério Joint Interim Statement. A razão entre a prevalência observada e a esperada determinaram as simultaneidades aumentadas. A regressão de Poisson com variância robusta testou as associações da maior simultaneidade e as variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: Metade das combinações da síndrome metabólica apresentaram prevalência observada maior que prevalência esperada. A hipertrigliceridemia foi o componente mais presente nas simultaneidades aumentadas. Após análise múltipla situação laboral e escolaridade permaneceram associadas (p<0,05) à maior simultaneidade. Conclusão: Ocorreu alta presença de simultaneidades aumentas em adultos quilombolas, tendo a hipertrigliceridemia como elemento mais recorrente. Além disso, a maior simultaneidade se associou trabalho remunerado e <5 anos de escolarização.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the simultaneity patterns of the metabolic syndrome and the associated sociodemographic factors in Bahian quilombolas. Methods: In the representative sample of 850 quilombola adults, the components of the metabolic syndrome were defined according to the Joint Interim Statement criterion. The ratio between observed and expected prevalence determined the increased simultaneities. Poisson regression with robust variance tested the associations of greatest simultaneity and sociodemographic variables. Results: Half of the metabolic syndrome combinations had higher prevalence than expected prevalence. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common component in the increased simultaneities. After multiple analysis, employment status and education remained associated (p <0.05) with greater simultaneity. Conclusion: There was a high presence of increased simultaneities in quilombola adults, with hypertriglyceridemia as the most recurrent element. In addition, the highest simultaneity was associated with paid work and <5 years of schooling.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar los patrones de simultaneidad del síndrome metabólico y los factores sociodemográficos asociados en las quilombolas de Bahía. Métodos: En la muestra representativa de 850 adultos de quilombola, los componentes del síndrome metabólico se definieron de acuerdo con el criterio de la Declaración Interina Conjunta. La relación entre la prevalencia observada y la esperada determinó el aumento de las simultaneidades. La regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta probó las asociaciones de mayor simultaneidad y variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: La mitad de las combinaciones de síndrome metabólico tuvieron una prevalencia más alta que la esperada. La hipertrigliceridemia fue el componente más común en el aumento de las simultaneidades. Después de múltiples análisis, la situación laboral y la educación permanecieron asociadas (p <0.05) con una mayor simultaneidad. Conclusión: Hubo una alta presencia de simultaneidades aumentadas en adultos de quilombola, con hipertrigliceridemia como el elemento más recurrente. Además, la mayor simultaneidad se asoció con el trabajo remunerado y <5 años de escolaridad.(AU)

The effect of an intervention on physical activity of moderate-and-vigorous intensity, and sedentary behavior during adolescents' time at school. / Efeito de uma intervenção sobre atividade física moderada a vigorosa e comportamento sedentário no tempo escolar de adolescentes.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effect of an intervention on the engagement in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) of sixth to ninth grade students during school-time, physical education (PE) classes, and recesses at two public schools in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. METHOD: Schools were divided into control and experimental groups. Participants wore accelerometers during school-time, and PA and SB were estimated for school-time, PE classes and recesses at the baseline and after the intervention. The intervention was composed of four components: changes were made in the PE classes, including giving instruction to teachers; sports equipment was made available for use during recesses; educational sessions on the format of classes were conducted; folders and posters were distributed. Data was analyzed using an Analysis of Covariance for repeated measures comparing baseline data with post intervention data, and for independent samples when comparing control and intervention groups. RESULTS: A low proportion of engagement in PA and a large engagement in SB was observed on the baseline. PA decreased in the intervention group during PE classes, while it increased in the control group with regard to school-time, PE classes, and recess. The intervention group accumulated more SB during school-time and PE classes after the intervention, while a decrease in the control group's SB during school-time was observed. CONCLUSION: The intervention was not effective in increasing PA or decreasing SB. Environmental and school's organizational factors impact how interventions are conducted, and should be considered beforehand.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção sobre o engajamento em atividade física (AF) e comportamento sedentário (CS) no período escolar, em aulas de educação física (EF) e nos recreios em estudantes do sexto ao nono ano de escolas públicas de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. MÉTODOS: Duas escolas foram alocadas em grupo experimental e controle. Os participantes utilizaram acelerômetros no período escolar e o tempo em AF e CS foram estimados no período escolar, aulas de EF e recreios antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção foi composta de quatro componentes: mudanças nas aulas de EF, com formação dos professores; disponibilização de materiais esportivos no recreio; sessões educativas no formato de aulas; e distribuição de folders e cartazes com informações sobre os desfechos da intervenção. Foram empregadas análises de covariância para medidas repetidas comparando a linha de base e pós-intervenção e para amostras independentes, comparando o grupo controle com o grupo intervenção. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma baixa proporção de AF na escola na linha de base e um elevado volume de CS. O grupo intervenção diminuiu a AF em aulas de EF, enquanto o grupo controle aumentou em todos os períodos. O grupo intervenção também acumulou mais o CS no período escolar e em aulas de EF após a intervenção, enquanto o controle diminuiu o CS no período escolar. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção proposta não foi efetiva em aumentar a AF e diminuir o CS. Fatores ambientais e de organização escolar podem ter impactado os resultados e devem ser considerados no planejamento de intervenções.

Predictive capacity of obesity indicators for metabolic syndrome in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). / Indicadores de obesidade: capacidade preditiva para síndrome metabólica em adultos quilombolas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of different obesity indicators (OIs) for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). A cross-sectional study involving a representative sample of 850 adult quilombolas (18 to 92 years) living in the geographic micro-region of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil, was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed between OI [body fat percentage (BF%), body adiposity index (BAI), and body mass index (BMI)] and MetS. The balance between sensitivity and specificity defined the best predictive cutoff points of OI for MetS. The three OIs were predictors of MetS (significant area under ROC curve > 0.5). Among women, BF% showed a significantly greater area under the ROC curve (0.69, 95% CI: 0.65; 0.73) than the other OIs. Among men, the areas for BF%% and BMI were the same (0.81, 95% CI: 0.76; 0.85) and were greater than that of BAI. The best OI cutoff points to identify the presence of MetS in women and men were, respectively: 24.97 and 25.36 kg/m2 for BMI, 34.30 and 26.14% for BAI, and 37.7 and 23.8% for BF%. The OIs tested are valid tools to screen for MetS in adult quilombolas when specific cutoff points for the population studied are used.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da síndrome metabólica (SM) por diferentes indicadores de obesidade (IO) em adultos quilombolas. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 850 adultos (18 à 92 anos de idade) quilombolas residentes na microrregião geográfica de Guanambi/Bahia. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) entre os IO (percentual de gordura - %G; índice de adiposidade corporal ­ IAC; índice de massa corporal ­ IMC) e a SM. O equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade definiu os melhores pontos de corte preditores da SM pelos IO. Os três IO apresentaram capacidade preditiva para SM (curva ROC significativamente > 0,5). Entre as mulheres, o %G apresentou área sob a curva ROC (0,69 - IC95%: 0,65:0,73) significativamente maior que os demais IO. Entre os homens as áreas do %G e do IMC foram iguais (0,81 - IC95%: 0,76:0,85) e maiores que a do IAC. Os melhores pontos de corte dos IO para identificar a presença da SM respectivamente em mulheres e homens foram: 24,97 e 25,36 kg/m2 para IMC, 34,30 e 26,14% para IAC e 37,7 e 23,8% para %G. Os IO testados são válidos para rastrear a SM em adultos quilombolas a partir da utilização dos pontos de corte específicos para a população estudada.

Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from Bahia, Brazil. / Síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em quilombolas baianos, Brasil.

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of this condition and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). In a population-based study with a sample of 850 adults of both sexes, MS was determined using the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test the associations. The prevalence of MS was 25.8% (95%CI: 22.8:28.7). In multiple analysis, gender, age group, sleep quality, body mass index and fat percentage remained significantly associated (p < 0.05). In this respect, the presence of SM in adult quilombolas is associated with female gender, age ≥ 40 years, poor sleep quality, overweight, and obesity.

Este estudo buscou analisar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os fatores associados em adultos quilombolas. Estudo de base populacional com amostra de 850 adultos de ambos os sexos. A SM foi determinada pelo critério Joint Interim Statement. A regressão de Poisson foi usada para testar as associações, conforme modelo hierarquizado de análise. A prevalência de SM foi de 25,8% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%: 22,8:28,7). Na análise múltipla permaneceram associados (p < 0,05) sexo, grupo etário, qualidade do sono, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura (%G). Neste sentido, a presença da SM em adultos quilombolas se associa com o sexo feminino, faixa etária > 40 anos, má qualidade do sono, excesso de peso corporal e obesidade.

Síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em quilombolas baianos, Brasil / Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo buscou analisar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os fatores associados em adultos quilombolas. Estudo de base populacional com amostra de 850 adultos de ambos os sexos. A SM foi determinada pelo critério Joint Interim Statement. A regressão de Poisson foi usada para testar as associações, conforme modelo hierarquizado de análise. A prevalência de SM foi de 25,8% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%: 22,8:28,7). Na análise múltipla permaneceram associados (p < 0,05) sexo, grupo etário, qualidade do sono, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura (%G). Neste sentido, a presença da SM em adultos quilombolas se associa com o sexo feminino, faixa etária > 40 anos, má qualidade do sono, excesso de peso corporal e obesidade.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of this condition and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). In a population-based study with a sample of 850 adults of both sexes, MS was determined using the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test the associations. The prevalence of MS was 25.8% (95%CI: 22.8:28.7). In multiple analysis, gender, age group, sleep quality, body mass index and fat percentage remained significantly associated (p < 0.05). In this respect, the presence of SM in adult quilombolas is associated with female gender, age ≥ 40 years, poor sleep quality, overweight, and obesity.

Indicadores de obesidade: capacidade preditiva para síndrome metabólica em adultos quilombolas / Predictive capacity of obesity indicators for metabolic syndrome in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities)

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da síndrome metabólica (SM) por diferentes indicadores de obesidade (IO) em adultos quilombolas. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 850 adultos (18 à 92 anos de idade) quilombolas residentes na microrregião geográfica de Guanambi/Bahia. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) entre os IO (percentual de gordura - %G; índice de adiposidade corporal - IAC; índice de massa corporal - IMC) e a SM. O equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade definiu os melhores pontos de corte preditores da SM pelos IO. Os três IO apresentaram capacidade preditiva para SM (curva ROC significativamente > 0,5). Entre as mulheres, o %G apresentou área sob a curva ROC (0,69 - IC95%: 0,65:0,73) significativamente maior que os demais IO. Entre os homens as áreas do %G e do IMC foram iguais (0,81 - IC95%: 0,76:0,85) e maiores que a do IAC. Os melhores pontos de corte dos IO para identificar a presença da SM respectivamente em mulheres e homens foram: 24,97 e 25,36 kg/m2 para IMC, 34,30 e 26,14% para IAC e 37,7 e 23,8% para %G. Os IO testados são válidos para rastrear a SM em adultos quilombolas a partir da utilização dos pontos de corte específicos para a população estudada.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of different obesity indicators (OIs) for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). A cross-sectional study involving a representative sample of 850 adult quilombolas (18 to 92 years) living in the geographic micro-region of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil, was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed between OI [body fat percentage (BF%), body adiposity index (BAI), and body mass index (BMI)] and MetS. The balance between sensitivity and specificity defined the best predictive cutoff points of OI for MetS. The three OIs were predictors of MetS (significant area under ROC curve > 0.5). Among women, BF% showed a significantly greater area under the ROC curve (0.69, 95% CI: 0.65; 0.73) than the other OIs. Among men, the areas for BF%% and BMI were the same (0.81, 95% CI: 0.76; 0.85) and were greater than that of BAI. The best OI cutoff points to identify the presence of MetS in women and men were, respectively: 24.97 and 25.36 kg/m2 for BMI, 34.30 and 26.14% for BAI, and 37.7 and 23.8% for BF%. The OIs tested are valid tools to screen for MetS in adult quilombolas when specific cutoff points for the population studied are used.

Phase angle is associated with the physical fitness of HIV-infected children and adolescents.

The objective of this study was to identify the association of phase angle with physical fitness in children and adolescents infected with HIV. Sixty-four children and adolescents infected with HIV (8-15 years old) were tested for vertical transmission. The electrical bioimpedance was used to obtain the phase angle. Body fat (BF) and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) were measured by x-ray absorptiometry, and the manual grip strength was evaluated by dynamometry. The peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) was measured by respiratory change in a submaximal incremental test. Moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVP) and sedentary behavior were measured using accelerometers and were used as covariates. Multiple linear regression was used. The linear correlation analyses demonstrated that the phase angle was inversely proportional to relative BF (r = -0.26), but was not associated with absolute body fat (r = -0.02). The phase angle was directly associated with LSTM (r = 0.57), handgrip strength, and (r = 0.43) peak VO2 (r = 0.55). The phase angle was not associated with absolute BF (ß = -0.017, P = 0.413) and relative (ß = -0.014, P = 0.175). The phase angle presented a direct association with LSTM (ß = 0.041, P = 0.019) and peak VO2 (ß = 0.005; P = 0.019), regardless of age, sex, sexual maturation, MVPA, sedentary behavior, antiretroviral drugs, and viral load. No association was found between phase angle and handgrip strength (ß = 0.153; P = 0.199). It was concluded that phase angle was associated with LSTM and the aerobic fitness in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Problema crônico de coluna/dor nas costas em população quilombolas de região baiana, nordeste brasileiro / Problema/dolor crónico de la columna/espalda en la población quilombola de Bahía, en el Nordeste brasileño / Chronic spinal problem/back pain in quilombola populations of Bahia, Northeast of Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de problemas crônicos de coluna ou dor nas costas (PCC/DC), os fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida e as doenças crônicas associadas em adultos quilombolas. Foi realizado estudo epidemiológico, populacional e seccional, com amostra representativa de uma região de um estado nordestino. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista com formulário padronizado. A análise estatística consistiu na regressão de Poisson robusta, com cálculo das razões de prevalência, intervalo de confiança (95%) e nível de significância inferior a 5%. A prevalência de PCC/DC foi de 50,5% (intervalo de confiança - IC95%: 47,1:53,9), independentemente associada ao grupo etário, à qualidade do sono, à saúde autorreferida, à deficiência locomotora e aos distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (Dort). Houve maior probabilidade de exposição aos PCC/DC para os quilombolas com idade >40 anos, má qualidade do sono, pior saúde autorreferida, diagnóstico de Dort e deficiência locomotora.

RESUMEN El presente estudio buscó verificar la prevalencia de Problemas Crónicos de Columna o Dolor de Espalda (PCC/DE) y los factores sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida y las enfermedades crónicas asociadas en adultos quilombolas. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, poblacional y seccional, con una muestra representativa de una región del Nordeste brasileño. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de una entrevista con formulario estandarizado. El análisis estadístico consistió en la regresión de Poisson robusta, con cálculo de las razones de prevalencia, el intervalo de confianza (95%) y el nivel de significancia inferior al 5%. La prevalencia de PCC/DE fue del 50,5% (intervalo de confianza - IC95%: 47,1:53,9), independientemente asociada al grupo de edad, la calidad del sueño, la salud autorreferida, la deficiencia locomotora y los disturbios osteomusculares relacionados al trabajo (Dort). Se observó que hubo una mayor probabilidad de exposición a los PCC/DE en los quilombolas con edad >40 años, mala calidad del sueño, peor salud autorreferida, diagnóstico de Dort y deficiencia locomotora.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of chronic spinal problems or back pain (CSP/BP) and the sociodemographic factors, the lifestyle, the chronic diseases associated with quilombola adults. We carried out a population, sectional, epidemiological study with a representative sample from a Northeastern state. We collected data by interviewing participants using a standardized form. Statistical analysis comprised robust Poisson regression, prevalence ratios, confidence interval (95%), and significance level lower than 5%. The prevalence of CSP/BP was of 50.5% (95% CI: 47.1: 53.9), independently associated with age, sleep quality, self-reported health, motor disabilities, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. We observed higher exposure to CSP/BP among quilombolas aged >40 years, with poor sleep quality and poor self-reported health diagnosed with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) and motor disabilities.

Aerobic fitness and physical activity are inversely associated with body fat, dyslipidemia and inflammatory mediators in children and adolescents living with HIV.

This study aimed to investigate if moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and aerobic fitness are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in HIV+ children and adolescents. Sixty-five children and adolescents (8 to 15 years) provided minutes of MVPA measured by accelerometers and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) by breath-by-breath respiratory exchange. Cardiovascular risk factors were characterized by body fat, blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and carotid intima-media thickness. Results indicated that higher MVPA was associated with lower values of total (ß =  -3.566) and trunk body fat (ß = -3.495), total cholesterol (ß = -0.112) and LDL-c (ß = -0.830). Likewise, higher peak VO2 was associated with lower total (ß = -0.629) and trunk body fat values (ß = -0.592) and levels of CRP (ß = -0.059). The physically active participants had lower total cholesterol (-24.4 mg.dL-1) and LDL-c (-20.1 mg.dL-1) compared to participants judged to be insufficiently active. Moreover, participants with satisfactory peak VO2 showed lower total (-4.1%) and trunk (-4.3%) body fat, CRP (-2.3 mg.L-1), IL-6 (-2.4 pg.mL-1) and TNF-α (-1.0 pg.mL-1) compared to low peak VO2 peers. High levels of MVPA and aerobic fitness may prevent developing of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents HIV+.

School-Based Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Brazilian Students: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: In response to the worldwide increasing prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), several interventions have been developed. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based intervention on CRF in Brazilian students. METHODS: A nonrandomised controlled design tested 432 students (intervention group: n = 247) from 6th to 9th grade recruited from two public secondary schools in Florianopolis, in 2015. The intervention entitled "MEXA-SE" (move yourself), applied over 13 weeks, included four components: (1) increases in physical activity during Physical Education classes; (2) active recess; (3) educational sessions; and (4) educational materials. CRF (20-m shuttle run test) was the primary outcome. RESULTS: The effect size of the intervention on CRF was 0.15 (CI 95% = -0.04; 0.34). In the within-group comparisons, VO2max decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up in the control group but remained constant in the intervention group. After adjustment variables, differences between intervention and control group were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The "MEXA-SE" intervention did not have an effect on adolescents' CRF. However, maintenance of VO2max in intervention group and a reduction within control group demonstrates that this intervention may be beneficial for long-term CRF and, possibly, the increased intervention time could result in a better effect.

Are adolescents really being sedentary or inactive when at school? An analysis of sedentary behaviour and physical activity bouts.

This study analysed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) performed in bouts during schooltime. Adolescents of two schools answered a questionnaire, had their height and weight measured and wore accelerometers during schooltime. Moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA was estimated in bouts of 2, 5 and 10 min, and SB in bouts of 5, 10, 30 and 60 min. Body mass index was calculated, and adolescents were classified as overweight or normal weight. Frequency, duration and volume of PA and SB were calculated for the whole sample and for those who performed at least one bout weekly. PA and SB differences between gender and weight status were tested using Mann-Whitney and t tests. A total of 415 adolescents (54% girls, 12.3 ± 1.3 years old, 34.6% overweight) performed 0.1 (± 0.2), 0.2 (± 0.5) and 0.4 (± 0.6) bouts of 10, 5 and 2 min of PA, and 10.6 (± 2.0), 6.0 (± 1.3), 1.1 (± 0.9) and 0.4 (± 0.5) bouts/day of 5, 10, 30 and 60 min of SB, respectively. Boys accumulated less SB and more PA in bouts. No differences were found for weight status.Conclusion: Adolescents hardly engaged in bouted PA and accumulated more SB in smaller bouts during schooltime. Bouted PA and SB were not associated with weight status. What is Known: • Adolescents are not engaging in enough PA and are accumulating large volumes of SB, which might negatively impact their health. • Schools play an important role in daily overall PA, with opportunities such as PE classes and recesses. But most classes are still undertaken in seated positions. What is New: • Adolescents hardly engage in bouted (> 10 m) PA when at school., and most SB is accumulated in short bouts (≤ 10m). • Weight status was not associated with bouted PA or SB at school.

Overweight and associated factors in Quilombolas from the middle San Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. / Excesso de peso e fatores associados em quilomboras do médio São Francisco baiano, Brasil.

The aim of this article was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from the Middle San Francisco, Bahia. Cross-sectional study with a sample of 112 adults. Overweight was evaluated by body mass index (BMI). Linear regression was used to test associations. The mean age of the participants was 42.1 (standard deviation 18.5) years and there was a predominance of females (55.4%). The prevalence of overweight was 27.7% (95% confidence interval: 19.3;36.1), with a mean BMI of 23.1 (± 3.8) kg/m2. Factors that remained associated in multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.05) were female gender, negative self-assessment of health, and increased mean arterial pressure (adjusted R2 0.326). The increase in BMI among quilombolas was associated with female gender, negative self-assessment of health and higher mean blood pressure levels.

Excesso de peso e fatores associados em quilomboras do médio São Francisco baiano, Brasil / Overweight and associated factors in Quilombolas from the middle San Francisco, Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a prevalência do excesso de peso e os fatores associados em adultos de comunidade quilombola do médio São Francisco baiano. Estudo transversal com amostra de 112 adultos. O excesso de peso foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC). A regressão linear foi usada para testar as associações, conforme modelo hierárquico de análise. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 27,7% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95% - IC95%: 19,3;36,1), com IMC médio de 23,1(± 3,8) Kg/m2, na análise múltipla permaneceram associados (p < 0,05) o sexo feminino, autoavaliação negativa de saúde e aumento da pressão arterial média (R2 ajustado 0,326). O aumento do IMC entre os quilombolas se associou com sexo feminino, autoavaliação negativa de saúde e maiores níveis pressóricos médios.

Abstract The aim of this article was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from the Middle San Francisco, Bahia. Cross-sectional study with a sample of 112 adults. Overweight was evaluated by body mass index (BMI). Linear regression was used to test associations. The mean age of the participants was 42.1 (standard deviation 18.5) years and there was a predominance of females (55.4%). The prevalence of overweight was 27.7% (95% confidence interval: 19.3;36.1), with a mean BMI of 23.1 (± 3.8) kg/m2. Factors that remained associated in multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.05) were female gender, negative self-assessment of health, and increased mean arterial pressure (adjusted R2 0.326). The increase in BMI among quilombolas was associated with female gender, negative self-assessment of health and higher mean blood pressure levels.

Body image and anthropometric indicators in adolescents living with HIV / Imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos emadolescentes vivendo com HIV

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare body image and anthropometric indicators among adolescents living with HIV and healthy adolescents (control group). In addition, we verified the associations of anthropometric indicators, infection/treatment, sexual maturity, and sociodemographic characteristics with body image in adolescents living with HIV. One hundred and eleven adolescents aged 10 to 15 years were divided into those living with HIV (n = 57) and a control group (n = 54). Body image was investigated using an eight-point body silhouette scale. Body weight, height, circumferences, and skinfolds were measured. Body image dissatisfaction was found in 54.4% of the adolescents living with HIV, with 38.6% of them wishing to increase their body size. Conversely, body image dissatisfaction was due to the desire to reduce body size in the control group (40.7%). No difference between the HIV and control groups was found for the anthropometric indicators analyzed. Gender (β = -0.52), age (β = 0.18), body weight (β = 0.07), body mass index (β = -0.19), and upper arm muscle area (β = -0.08) explained 42% of the variation in the body image score of adolescents living with HIV. Thinness is the main reason for body image dissatisfaction in adolescents living with HIV. Almost half the body dissatisfaction of adolescents living with HIV was explained by demographic and anthropometric variables.

Resumo Objetivou-se comparar a imagem corporal e os indicadores antropométricos entre adolescentes vivendo com HIV e sem o diagnóstico da infecção (grupo controle). Além disso, foram testadas associações entre variáveis antropométricas, infecção / tratamento, maturação sexual e sociodemográficas com a imagem corporal em adolescentes vivendo com HIV. Participaram 111 adolescentes com idade de 10 a 15 anos, divididos em adolescentes que vivem com HIV (n = 57) e controles (n = 54). A imagem corporal foi investigada a partir da escala de oito silhuetas corporais. As medidas antropométricas realizadas foram massa corporal, estatura, perímetros e dobras cutâneas. Foi encontrado que 54,4% dos adolescentes que vivem com o HIV estavam insatisfeitos com a imagem corporal, sendo que 38,6% indicaram insatisfação por magreza. Por outro lado, adolescentes do grupo controle demonstraram insatisfação com a imagem corporal por excesso de peso (40,74%). Não foi encontrada diferença entre o grupo HIV e controle para os indicadores antropométricos analisados. O sexo (β = -0,52), a idade (β = 0,18), a massa corporal (β = 0,07), o índice de massa corporal (β = -0,19) e a área muscular do braço (β = -0,08) explicaram 42% da variação do escore de imagem corporal em adolescentes que vivem com HIV. A insatisfação com a imagem corporal no grupo HIV é apontada pela magreza e no controle pelo excesso de peso. Quase metade da variação da imagem corporal dos adolescentes que vivem com HIV foram explicadas pelas variáveis demográficas e antropométricas.