Use of group 13 aryloxides for the synthesis of green chemicals and oxide materials.

In this work, group 13 metal aryloxides [Al(MesalO)3] (1), [Me2Ga(MesalO)]2 (2), [AlLi3(MesalO)6] (3) and [Me2GaLi(MesalO)2(THF)] (4) were obtained by the reaction of methyl salicylate (MesalOH) with group-13 alkyls MMe3 (for M = Al, Ga) or their combination with BuLi in a THF/alcohol solution. The direct reaction of MMe3 (for M = Al, Ga) and MesalOH (1 : 3) led to compound 1 or 2, respectively. When the same reactions were carried out with additional BuLi, the heterometallic compound 3 or the mixture of 4 and [Li6(MesalO)6] (5) was obtained. Compounds 1-5 were used for the chemical conversion of glycerol to α-hydroxy acid glyceryl esters by alcoholysis of L-lactide (L-LA), glycolide (GA), and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL). Compounds 1-5 were also efficient initiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-LA, GA, and ε-CL using glycerol as a branching agent to synthesize 3-arm polyesters. Heterometallic compounds 3 and 4 were attractive molecular precursors for the preparation of group 13-lithium ceramics, i.e. γ-LiAlO2 and ß-LiGaO2.

Fluphenazine: from an isolated molecule to its interaction with lipid bilayers.

Fluphenazine (FPh) belongs to the phenothiazine family of compounds and exhibits a wide variety of biological effects, including antimutagenic, proapoptotic, antiproliferative and anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) activities. The ability of FPh to interact with lipid membranes can have a significant impact on its biological activities. However, the mechanisms involved in the interaction of FPh with lipid membranes are poorly understood. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy has been used in this study to visualize the interactions between FPh and a model lipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). Subsequent interpretation of the temperature-dependent FTIR spectra obtained for FPh:DPPC systems containing different concentrations of FPh was efficiently supported by principal component analysis.

Interaction of prenylated chalcones and flavanones from common hop with phosphatidylcholine model membranes.

Common hop (Humulus lupulus) constitutes a source of numerous prenylated chalcones such as xanthohumol (XH) and flavanones such as 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and isoxanthohumol (IXH). Range of their biological activities includes estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities. The aim of the present work was to characterize the influence of prenylated polyphenols on model 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) membranes by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies. All studied compounds intercalated into DPPC bilayers and decreased its melting temperature as recorded by DSC, Laurdan and Prodan fluorescence, and ATR-FTIR. Polyphenols interacted mainly with glycerol backbone and acyl chain region of membrane. Magnitude of the induced effect correlated both with lipophilicity and molecular shape of the studied compounds. Elbow-shaped 8-PN and IXH were locked at polar-apolar region with their prenyl chains penetrating into hydrophobic part of the bilayer, while relatively planar XH molecule adopted linear shape that resulted in its deeper insertion into hydrophobic region. Additionally, by means of DSC and Laurdan fluorescence IXH was demonstrated to induce lateral phase separation in DPPC bilayers in gel-like state. It was assumed that IXH-rich and IXH-poor microdomains appeared within membrane. Present work constitutes the first experimental report describing interactions of prenylated hop polyphenols with phospholipid model membranes.

Dieth-yl(µ3-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-3-olato-κ(4) O (3),O (4):O (3):O (3))tris-(µ2-2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-3-olato-κ(3) O (3),O (4):O (3))trizinc toluene disolvate.

The title compound, [Zn3(C2H5)2(C6H5O3)4]·2C7H8, crystallizes with one complex mol-ecule solvated by two mol-ecules of toluene in the asymmetric unit. The Zn(II) ions are coordinated by two terminal ethyl (Et) groups and four maltolate ligands, which act as µ3- and µ2-bridges. The metal atoms are arranged in an incomplete cubane Zn3O4 core structure, derived from one EtZnO3 tetra-hedron, one EtZnO4 bipyramid and one ZnO6 octa-hedron, sharing common corners. The structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Fluphenazine dihydro-chloride dimethanol solvate.

In the title compound {systematic name: 1-(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)-4-[3-(2-trifluoro-methyl-10H-phenothia-zin-10-yl)prop-yl]piperazine-1,4-diium dichloride dimethanol disolvate}, C(22)H(28)F(3)N(3)OS(2+)·2Cl(-)·2CH(3)OH, the dihedral angle between the planes of the two outer benzene rings of the tricyclic phenothia-zine system is 46.91 (13)°. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯Cl, C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds and contacts.

Chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological activity.

Phenothiazines belong to the oldest, synthetic antipsychotic drugs, which do not have their precursor in the world of natural compounds. Apart from their fundamental neuroleptic action connected with the dopaminergic receptors blockade, phenothiazine derivatives also exert diverse biological activities, which account for their cancer chemopreventive-effect, as: calmodulin- and protein kinase C inhibitory-actions, anti-proliferative effect, inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function and reversion of multidrug resistance. According to literature data on relations between chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological effects, the main directions for further chemical modifications have been established. They are provided and discussed in this review paper.

New fluphenazine analogues as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein in human lymphocyte cultures.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of 17 new analogues of FPh on the Pgp transport function, by estimation of the rhodamine 123 (Rod-123) accumulation inside cultured lymphocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lymphocyte were cultured in the presence of a lectin (PHA; 2%, v/v), incubated with benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P; 7.5 µM, 48 h) to induce genotoxic damage and to increase Pgp expression in the cells. Lymphocytes cultured without the tested compounds were considered as controls. RESULTS: It was established that 10 analogues of FPh, among 17 tested, significantly increased Rod-123 accumulation in lymphocytes at the concentration of 10 µM. As compared to the control cultures the Pgp transport function was the most strongly inhibited by 1a, 1b, 1d, 3f, 3h and 3i analogues (approximately by 25%). CONCLUSIONS: FPh analogues 1a, 1b, 1d, 3f, 3h and 3i should be further studied as promising candidates for adjuvant cancer chemotherapeutics.