ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of electrochemistry to generate oxidative degradation products of a model pharmaceutical compound. The compound was oxidized at different potentials using an electrochemical flow-cell fitted with a glassy carbon working electrode, a Pd/H2 reference electrode and a titanium auxiliary electrode. The oxidative products formed were identified and structurally characterized by LC-ESI-MS/MS using a high resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Results from electrochemical oxidation using electrolytes of different pH were compared to those from chemical oxidation and from accelerated stability studies. Additionally, oxidative degradation products predicted using an in silico commercially available software were compared to those obtained from the various experimental methods. The electrochemical approach proved to be useful as an oxidative stress test as all of the final oxidation products observed under accelerated stability studies could be generated; previously reported reactive intermediate species were not observed most likely because the electrochemical mechanism differs from the oxidative pathway followed under accelerated stability conditions. In comparison to chemical degradation tests electrochemical degradation has the advantage of being much faster and does not require the use of strong oxidizing agents. Moreover, it enables the study of different operating parameters in short periods of time and optimisation of the reaction conditions (pH and applied potential) to achieve different oxidative products mixtures. This technique may prove useful as a stress test condition for the generation of oxidative degradation products and may help accelerate structure elucidation and development of stability indicating analytical methods.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Electrochemical Techniques , Models, Chemical , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Stability , Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation , Electrodes , Equipment Design , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Molecular Structure , Oxidation-Reduction , Software , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Technology, Pharmaceutical/instrumentation , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This paper provides a viable, reproducible and robust method for immobilising hydroxyl tethered iridium-rhodium complexes. The materials have been shown to be both effective and recyclable in the process of catalytic transfer hydrogenation with minimal metal leaching.
Subject(s)
Hydroxides/chemistry , Iridium/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Rhodium/chemistry , Catalysis , Crystallography, X-Ray , Hydrogenation , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
In looking for a novel achiral µ opioid receptor antagonist for the treatment of pruritus, we designed and synthesised azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane compounds as a new class of opioid ligand. During optimisation, an addition of a single methyl resulted in a 35-fold improvement in binding. An early example from the series had excellent µ opioid receptor antagonist antagonist activity and was very effective in an in vivo pruritus study.
Subject(s)
Azabicyclo Compounds/chemistry , Azabicyclo Compounds/chemical synthesis , Hexanes/chemistry , Ligands , Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Azabicyclo Compounds/therapeutic use , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Dogs , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Hexanes/pharmacokinetics , Hexanes/therapeutic use , Humans , Protein Binding , Pruritus/drug therapy , Rats , Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Amines/chemistry , Iridium/chemistry , Amination , Catalysis , Hydrogenation , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
meso-2,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (mBDPP) has proved to be an effective regiocontrolling ligand for palladium-catalyzed internal arylation by aryl bromides of electron-rich olefins in a common solvent DMSO with no need for any halide scavengers. The arylation of the benchmark electron-rich olefin butyl vinyl ether took place smoothly to afford exclusively alpha-arylated product with high isolated yields. The better performance of mBDPP, compared with that of the commonly used DPPP [1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane], highlights the important but subtle effect of ligand on the regioselectivity of the Heck arylation reactions.
