Modeling of the interaction of an x-ray free-electron laser with large finite samples.

We describe a model for the study of the interaction of short x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses with large finite samples. Hydrodynamics is solved in one-dimensional planar geometry with consideration of the electron-ion energy exchange and of the possible elastoplastic behavior. From a time-dependent calculation of the complex refractive index and of the underlying atomic physics, XFEL energy deposition is modeled through a calculation of the radiation field in the material. In the case of hard x-ray irradiation, energetic electrons induced by the XFEL absorption can propagate and deposit their energy outside the interaction region. Simulations of the interaction of hard x-ray ultrashort pulses with solid materials Ru and Si at different grazing incidence angles are presented and discussed. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of this approach to predict damage dynamics for materials of interest for x-ray optics.

Ultrafast short-range disordering of femtosecond-laser-heated warm dense aluminum.

We have probed, with time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), a femtosecond-laser-heated aluminum foil with fluences up to 1 J/cm2. The spectra reveal a loss of the short-range order in a few picoseconds. This time scale is compared with the electron-ion equilibration time, calculated with a two-temperature model. Hydrodynamic simulations shed light on complex features that affect the foil dynamics, including progressive density change from solid to liquid (∼10 ps). In this density range, quantum molecular dynamics simulations indicate that XANES is a relevant probe of the ionic temperature.

Coupling of detailed configuration kinetics and hydrodynamics in materials submitted to x-ray free-electron-laser irradiation.

We describe a model for the study of the interaction of short x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses with matter. Hydrodynamics is solved in one-dimensional planar geometry together with XFEL energy deposition, transport by thermal conduction and electron-ion energy exchange. Along with XFEL energy deposition, a proper detailed configuration accounting atomic physics model has been implemented in line with the calculations. Simulations typical of current XFEL conditions of irradiation are presented and discussed. Finally, the corresponding spectral emission of this XFEL-heated matter is calculated with the unresolved transition array formalism.

X-ray diagnosis of the pressure induced Mott nonmetal-metal transition.

The evolution of the K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) spectrum is investigated for an aluminum plasma expanding from the solid density down to 0.5 g/cm{3}, with temperatures lying from 5 down to 2 eV. The dense plasma is generated by nanosecond laser-induced shock compression. These conditions correspond to the density-temperature region where a metal-nonmetal transition occurs as the density decreases. This transition is directly observed in XANES spectra measurements through the progressive formation of a preedge structure for densities around 1.6 g/cm{3}. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory and a jellium model have been efficiently tested through direct comparison with the experimental measurements and show that this preedge corresponds to the relocalization of the 3p atomic orbital as the system evolves from a dense plasma toward a partially ionized atomic fluid.

Electronic structure investigation of highly compressed aluminum with K edge absorption spectroscopy.

The electronic structure evolution of highly compressed aluminum has been investigated using time resolved K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. A long laser pulse (500 ps, I(L)≈8×10(13) W/cm(2)) was used to create a uniform shock. A second ps pulse (I(L)≈10(17) W/cm(2)) generated an ultrashort broadband x-ray source near the Al K edge. The main target was designed to probe aluminum at reshocked conditions up to now unexplored (3 times the solid density and temperatures around 8 eV). The hydrodynamical conditions were obtained using rear side visible diagnostics. Data were compared to ab initio and dense plasma calculations, indicating potential improvements in either description. This comparison shows that x-ray-absorption near-edge structure measurements provide a unique capability to probe matter at these extreme conditions and severally constrains theoretical approaches currently used.

Unraveling the solid-liquid-vapor phase transition dynamics at the atomic level with ultrafast x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy.

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a powerful probe of electronic and atomic structures in various media, ranging from molecules to condensed matter. We show how ultrafast time resolution opens new possibilities to investigate highly nonequilibrium states of matter including phase transitions. Based on a tabletop laser-plasma ultrafast x-ray source, we have performed a time-resolved (∼3 ps) XANES experiment that reveals the evolution of an aluminum foil at the atomic level, when undergoing ultrafast laser heating and ablation. X-ray absorption spectra highlight an ultrafast transition from the crystalline solid to the disordered liquid followed by a progressive transition of the delocalized valence electronic structure (metal) down to localized atomic orbitals (nonmetal-vapor), as the average distance between atoms increases.

Picosecond short-range disordering in isochorically heated aluminum at solid density.

Using ultrafast x-ray probing, we experimentally observed a progressive loss of ordering within solid-density aluminum as the temperature raises from 300 K to >10{4} K. The Al sample was isochorically heated by a short ( approximately ps), laser-accelerated proton beam and probed by a short broadband x-ray source around the Al K edge. The loss of short-range ordering is detected through the progressive smoothing of the time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) structure. The results are compared with two different theoretical models of warm dense matter and allow us to put an upper bound on the onset of ion lattice disorder within the heated solid-density medium of approximately 10 ps.

Observation of subpicosecond x-ray emission from laser-cluster interaction.

We present the first experimental evidence of the subpicosecond duration of x-ray pulses emitted from laser-irradiated clusters, demonstrating the suitability of such a debris free target for ultrafast x-ray science applications. The K-shell emission (approximately 3 keV) from large Ar clusters (6 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(6) atoms) is time resolved, when irradiated by ultrashort (40 fs to 5 ps) and intense laser pulses (10(15-17) W/cm2). The observations are supported by hydrodynamical and collisional-radiative calculations, that reproduce the extremely short x-ray pulse duration.

Revisiting nonlocal electron-energy transport in inertial-fusion conditions.

Correct modeling of the electron-energy transport is essential for inertial confinement fusion target design. Various transport models have been proposed in order to extend the validity of a hydrodynamical description into weakly collisional regimes, taking into account the nonlocality of the electron transport combined with the effects of self-generated magnetic fields. We have carried out new experiments designed to be highly sensitive to the modeling of the heat flow on the Ligne d'Intégration Laser facility, the prototype of the Laser Megajoule. We show that two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations correctly reproduce the experimental results only if they include both the nonlocal transport and magnetic fields.

Picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy of ultrafast aluminum plasmas.

We have used point-projection K-shell absorption spectroscopy to infer the ionization and recombination dynamics of transient aluminum plasmas. Two femtosecond beams of the 100 TW laser at the LULI facility were used to produce an aluminum plasma on a thin aluminum foil (83 or 50 nm), and a picosecond x-ray backlighter source. The short-pulse backlighter probed the aluminum plasma at different times by adjusting the delay between the two femtosecond driving beams. Absorption x-ray spectra at early times are characteristic of a dense and rather homogeneous plasma. Collisional-radiative atomic physics coupled with hydrodynamic simulations reproduce fairly well the measured average ionization as a function of time.

Heating of thin foils with a relativistic-intensity short-pulse laser.

K-shell x-ray spectroscopy of sub-100 nm Al foils irradiated by high contrast, spatially uniform, 150 fs, Ilambda (2)=2 x 10(18) W microm(2)/cm(2), laser pulses is obtained with 500 fs time resolution. Two distinct phases occur: At /=500 fs the resonance transitions dominate. Initial satellites arise from a large area, high density, low temperature (approximately 100 eV) plasma created by fast electrons. Thus, contrary to predictions, a short, high intensity laser incident on a thin foil does not create a uniform, hot dense plasma.

X-ray emission of a xenon gas jet plasma diagnosed with Thomson scattering.

We present the results of a benchmark experiment aimed at validating recent calculation techniques for the emission properties of medium and high-Z multicharged ions in hot plasmas. We use space- and time-resolved M-shell x-ray spectroscopy of a laser-produced gas jet xenon plasma as a primary diagnostic of the ionization balance dynamics. We perform measurements of the electron temperature, electron density, and average charge state by recording simultaneous spectra of ion acoustic and electron plasma wave Thomson scattering. A comparison of the experimental x-ray spectra with calculations performed ab initio with a non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium collisional-radiative model based on the superconfiguration formalism, using the measured plasma parameters, is presented and discussed.

Time-resolved plasma spectroscopy of thin foils heated by a relativistic-intensity short-pulse laser.

Time-resolved K-shell x-ray spectra are recorded from sub-100 nm aluminum foils irradiated by 150-fs laser pulses at relativistic intensities of Ilambda(2)=2 x 10(18) W microm(2)/cm(2). The thermal penetration depth is greater than the foil thickness in these targets so that uniform heating takes place at constant density before hydrodynamic motion occurs. The high-contrast, high-intensity laser pulse, broad spectral band, and short time resolution utilized in this experiment permit a simplified interpretation of the dynamical evolution of the radiating matter. The observed spectrum displays two distinct phases. At early time, < or =500 fs after detecting target emission, a broad quasicontinuous spectral feature with strong satellite emission from multiply excited levels is seen. At a later time, the He-like resonance line emission is dominant. The time-integrated data is in accord with previous studies with time resolution greater than 1 ps. The early time satellite emission is shown to be a signature of an initial large area, high density, low-temperature plasma created in the foil by fast electrons accelerated by the intense radiation field in the laser spot. We conclude that, because of this early time phenomenon and contrary to previous predictions, a short, high-intensity laser pulse incident on a thin foil does not create a uniform hot and dense plasma. The heating mechanism has been studied as a function of foil thickness, laser pulse length, and intensity. In addition, the spectra are found to be in broad agreement with a hydrodynamic expansion code postprocessed by a collisional-radiative model based on superconfiguration average rates and on the unresolved transition array formalism.