The role of multidetector computed tomography in predicting the site of gastroduodenal perforation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the value of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in detecting the location of gastroduodenal perforation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 47 patients who underwent contrast-enhancing MDCT and were diagnosed with gastroduodenal perforation during surgery between July 2021 and June 2022. Radiologic findings included pneumoperitoneum (distribution and quantity) and analyzed the image findings for localizing the site of gastroduodenal perforation. RESULTS: Pneumoperitoneum was the most common finding [95.74% (45 out of 47 patients)]. Regarding air distribution, the sensitivity (Se) and negative predictive value (NPV) of abdominal free air and supramesocolic free air were the highest (100% for both). The accuracy (Acc) of supramesocolic free air was the highest (93.6%), followed by abdominal free air (89.4%). Subphrenic free air also had a high Acc value (89.4%), with Se, specificity (Sp), and positive predictive value (PPV) being 90%, 85,7%, and 97.3%, respectively. The Sp PPV of falciform ligament/ligamentum teres sign, and periportal free air were also high (100% for both). In contrast, retroperitoneal free air was valuable in determining retroperitoneal duodenal perforation with an Sp, Se of 100%, and Acc of 89.4%. The thickness of abdominal free air was ≥5.5 mm, suggesting gastroduodenal perforation with a Se, Sp, PPV, NPV, and Acc of 82.5%, 100%, 100%, 50%, and 85.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Subphrenic free air, periportal free air, falciform ligament sign, and the air above transverse mesocolon were correlated to gastric and duodenal bulb perforation. Retroperitoneal air indicates the perforation at the retroperitoneal duodenum. The thickness of abdominal free air ≥5.5 mm indicates gastric and duodenal bulb perforation.

C-reactive protein and fracture risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies through the use of both frequentist and Bayesian approaches.

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on all eligible cohort studies to evaluate the association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and osteoporotic fracture risk. Both frequentist and Bayesian approaches were employed for the meta-analysis. We found that high tertiles of hs-CRP were significantly associated with increased fracture risk. INTRODUCTION: The association between the inflammatory marker CRP and osteoporotic fracture has remained uncertain. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association of serum hs-CRP and fracture risk. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search of relevant databases, including PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE publications from January 1950 through April 2020. Three reviewers independently performed the study selection, quality assessment, and data abstraction. Frequentist and Bayesian hierarchical random-effects models were used separately for the analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Higgin's I2 and Cochran's Q statistic, and publication bias was examined using funnel plots and rank correlation tests. RESULTS: Fourteen cohort studies that reported t fracture outcomes were eligible for the systematic review. Only ten studies (n = 29,741) qualified for meta-analysis. In the frequentist approach, the RR for fracture in a comparison of the top tertile group to the bottom tertile group of hs-CRP was 1.54 (1.18, 2.01). The estimated risk of fracture remained significant in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Higgin's I2 (30.52%) and Cochran's Q statistic (p < 0.01) suggested there was moderate heterogeneity for the meta-analysis. In the Bayesian approach, the pooled RR was 1.60 (95% CI (1.07-2.49)), and the probabilities that the high level of hs-CRP increased fracture risk by more than 0%, 10%, and 20% were 99%, 98%, and 93%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A high level of hs-CRP is associated with a significantly increased risk of osteoporotic fracture.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 951-1041.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

A Trial of Itraconazole or Amphotericin B for HIV-Associated Talaromycosis.

BACKGROUND: Talaromyces marneffei infection is a major cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related death in South and Southeast Asia. Guidelines recommend initial treatment with amphotericin B deoxycholate, but this drug has substantial side effects, a high cost, and limited availability. Itraconazole is available in oral form, is associated with fewer unacceptable side effects than amphotericin, and is widely used in place of amphotericin; however, clinical trials comparing these two treatments are lacking. METHODS: In this open-label, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 440 HIV-infected adults who had talaromycosis, confirmed by either microscopy or culture, to receive either intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate (amphotericin) (219 patients), at a dose of 0.7 to 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, or itraconazole capsules (221 patients), at a dose of 600 mg per day for 3 days, followed by 400 mg per day, for 11 days; thereafter, all the patients received maintenance therapy with itraconazole. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at week 2. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality at week 24, the time to clinical resolution of talaromycosis, early fungicidal activity, relapse of talaromycosis, development of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and the side-effect profile. RESULTS: The risk of death at week 2 was 6.5% in the amphotericin group and 7.4% in the itraconazole group (absolute risk difference, 0.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9 to 5.6; P<0.001 for noninferiority); however, the risk of death at week 24 was 11.3% in the amphotericin group and 21.0% in the itraconazole group (absolute risk difference, 9.7 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.8 to 16.6; P=0.006). Treatment with amphotericin was associated with significantly faster clinical resolution and fungal clearance and significantly lower rates of relapse and IRIS than itraconazole. The patients who received amphotericin had significantly higher rates of infusion-related reactions, renal failure, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and anemia than patients in the itraconazole group. CONCLUSIONS: Amphotericin was superior to itraconazole as initial treatment for talaromycosis with respect to 6-month mortality, clinical response, and fungicidal activity. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; IVAP Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN59144167 .).

Caretakers' barriers to pediatric antiretroviral therapy adherence in Vietnam - A qualitative and quantitative study.

BACKGROUND: Poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence leads to drug resistance and treatment failures. The options for second and third line ART regimens, particularly for pediatric patients, are very limited in low and middle-income countries. HIV-infected children are mostly passive drug-takers, thus caretakers play a very important role in assuring ART adherence. Pediatric ART adherence is still a challenging problem in Vietnam since non-adherence is the major risk factor for treatment failure. Our study explores and measures caretakers' barriers in order to improve pediatric ART adherence in future. METHODS: Exploring caretakers' barriers was conducted through a qualitative study with Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on two topics: 1. Current society - family support and difficulties in taking care children under ART; 2. Stigma experience. Based on the finding from the qualitative study a quantitative study measuring caretakers' barriers was conducted through a designed questionnaire. Study methods strictly followed the consolidated criteria with 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. RESULTS: In total eight FGDs with 53 participants were conducted. Common caretakers' barriers to children's ART adherence, were financial burden, lack of ART KP (Knowledge-Practice), stigma, depression, shifting caretaker, drug taste and side effects, lack of family support, fixed health check-up schedule and HIV non-disclosure. In the questionnaire study a total of 209 caretakers participated. The most commonly reported caretakers' barriers were: financial burden (144; 69%), KP burden (143; 68%), depression (85; 41%) and stigma (30; 14.8%). Some caretakers' characteristics that significantly associated with reported barriers (p<0.05). Rural caretakers reported significantly more financial burden (OR=2.26) and stigma (OR=3.53) than urban. Caretakers with under high school level education reported significantly more financial burdens (OR=2.08) and stigma (OR=4.15) compared to caretakers with high school education or over. CONCLUSION: Financial burden, KP burden, depression and stigma were common reported caretakers' barriers to pediatric ART adherence. Family residence, caretaker's education level and job were considered as the key factors determining caretakers' barriers related to financial burden and stigma. These findings may be important for policy makers and researchers in order to develop effective interventions regarding to caretakers' burdens and associated factors. Furthermore, a tool for nurses in monitoring caretakers' barriers to pediatric ART adherence was developed first with FDG, and then interview questionnaire. This tool could be applied and modified easily in any pediatric ART clinic settings in accordance to economic, social and cultural circumstances.

Ketamine treatment involves medial prefrontal cortex serotonin to induce a rapid antidepressant-like activity in BALB/cJ mice.

Unlike classic serotonergic antidepressant drugs, ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, exhibits a rapid and persistent antidepressant (AD) activity, at sub-anaesthetic doses in treatment-resistant depressed patients and in preclinical studies in rodents. The mechanisms mediating this activity are unclear. Here, we assessed the role of the brain serotonergic system in the AD-like activity of an acute sub-anaesthetic ketamine dose. We compared ketamine and fluoxetine responses in several behavioral tests currently used to predict anxiolytic/antidepressant-like potential in rodents. We also measured their effects on extracellular serotonin levels [5-HT]ext in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCx) and brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a serotonergic nucleus involved in emotional behavior, and on 5-HT cell firing in the DRN in highly anxious BALB/cJ mice. Ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) had no anxiolytic-like effect, but displayed a long lasting AD-like activity, i.e., 24 h post-administration, compared to fluoxetine (18 mg/kg i.p.). Ketamine (144%) and fluoxetine (171%) increased mPFCx [5-HT]ext compared to vehicle. Ketamine-induced AD-like effect was abolished by a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) pointing out the role of the 5-HT system in its behavioral activity. Interestingly, increase in cortical [5-HT]ext following intra-mPFCx ketamine bilateral injection (0.25 µg/side) was correlated with its AD-like activity as measured on swimming duration in the FST in the same mice. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a selective AMPA receptor antagonist (intra-DRN NBQX) blunted the effects of intra-mPFCx ketamine on both the swimming duration in the FST and mPFCx [5-HT]ext suggesting that the AD-like activity of ketamine required activation of DRN AMPA receptors and recruited the prefrontal cortex/brainstem DRN neural circuit in BALB/c mice. These results confirm a key role of cortical 5-HT release in ketamine's AD-like activity following the blockade of glutamatergic NMDA receptors. Tight interactions between mPFCx glutamatergic and serotonergic systems may explain the differences in this activity between ketamine and fluoxetine in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.

Binding of Chromium(III) to Transferrin Could Be Involved in Detoxification of Dietary Chromium(III) Rather than Transport of an Essential Trace Element.

Cr(III) binding to transferrin (Tf; the main Fe(III) transport protein) has been postulated to mediate cellular uptake of Cr(III) to facilitate a purported essential role for this element. Experiments using HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells, which were chosen because of high levels of the transferrin receptor, showed that Cr(III) binding to vacant Fe(III) -binding sites of human Tf effectively blocks cellular Cr(III) uptake. Through bio-layer interferometry studies of the Tf cycle, it was found that both exclusion and efflux of Cr2 (III) Tf from cells was caused by 1) relatively low Cr2 Tf affinity to cell-surface Tf receptors compared to Fe2 Tf, and 2) disruption of metal release under endosomal conditions and post-endosomal Tf dissociation from the receptor. These data support mounting evidence that Cr(III) is not essential and that Tf binding is likely to be a natural protective mechanism against the toxicity and potential genotoxicity of dietary Cr through blocking Cr(III) cellular accumulation.

Characterization and cardiac differentiation of chicken spermatogonial stem cells.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), a unique population of germline stem cells in adult testis, have the capability to self-renew and produce daughter cells destined to differentiate into spermatozoa throughout the life of the bird. Chicken SSCs were successfully isolated from testicular cells and subsequent analysis was performed to identify pluripotent cells by investigation with cytochemical reagents including Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and antibodies to germline cell specific (DAZL or VASA) and stage-specific embryonic antigens (Oct4, SSEA1, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81). Results confirmed these as germline cells with the expression of DAZL (Deleted in Azoospermia-Like) and VASA genes in isolated cells. Immunochemistry results showed that multipotent germline stem cells (mGSCs) expressed these gene markers related to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and could spontaneously differentiate into three embryonic germ (EG) layers in vitro. The mGSC-derived cardiomyocytes expressed cardiac-specific markers such as sarcomeric alpha actinin, alpha-cardiac actinin; conexin-43, the major protein of gap junctions which are thought to have an important role in the synchronized contraction of the heart and in embryonic development; and cardiac troponin T, the tropomyosin binding subunit of the troponin complex which regulates muscle contraction. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that the genes related to cardiac transcription factors were expressed following differentiation. Results of the present study strongly contribute to the information related to the ability of chicken mGSCs to differentiate into cells such as contraction cardiomyocytes similar to ESCs and may provide a new source of cardiomyocytes for basic research and potential therapeutic application in various cardiac degenerative diseases of birds and other animals.

Solid-state structural studies of chromium(III) nicotinato nutritional supplements.

While Cr(III) dietary supplements are widely consumed, some commercial supplements have yet to be structurally characterized. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and other spectroscopic methods were used to characterize Cr(III) nicotinato nutritional supplements that have long been used in complementary medicine. Different ratios of nicotinic acid and CrCl3·6H2O (trans-[CrCl2(OH2)4]Cl·2H2O) at different pH values gave a range of products. The local structures of Cr(III) nicotinato complexes obtained at pH 7 and of the patented complex were characterized by performing multiple-scattering analysis of their EXAFS spectra as well as EPR, UV-vis, and IR spectroscopies. For the first time, these complexes have been definitively characterized as nicotinato-bridged polymers of dihydroxido-bridged dinuclear Cr(III) cores. In the patented complex used in commercial preparations, each Cr is octahedral with an additional terminal O-bound nicotinato ligand, two bridging nicotinato (one O and one N bound), and an aqua ligand. The other species also have two or three bridging nicotinato ligands and an aqua and, in some cases, a terminal hydroxido ligand, which is dependent upon the stoichiometry of the reactants and the pH value of the solution in which they are prepared.

Obesity and preference-weighted quality of life of ethnically diverse middle school children: the HEALTHY study.

To date, studies examining the relation between body mass index percentile (BMI%) categories and health-related quality of life (QOL) measurements have not reported preference-weighted scores among ethnically diverse children. We report the associations between BMI% categories and preference-weighted scores among a large cohort of ethnically diverse sixth grade children who participated in the HEALTHY school-based type 2 diabetes risk factor prevention study. Health Utility Index 2 (HUI2) and Health Utility Index 3 (HUI3) and the feeling thermometer (FT) were the preference-weighted QOL instruments used to measure student's preference scores. Of 6358 consented students, 4979 (78.3%) had complete QOL, height, weight, and covariate data. Mean (SD) preference scores were 0.846 (0.160), 0.796 (0.237), and 0.806 (0.161) for the HUI2, HUI3, and FT, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, blood glucose and insulin, Tanner stage, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and educational attainment, children with severe obesity (>99%) had significantly lower preference scores compared to normal weight on all three instruments (HUI2 P = 0.013; HUI3 P = 0.025; and FT P < 0.001). Obese and severe obese categories were significantly associated with lower HUI2 functional ratings in the mobility domain and with lower HUI3 functional ratings in the speech domain.

[Psychopathy and associated personality disorders: searching for a particular effect of the borderline personality disorder?]. / Psychopathie et troubles de la personnalité associés : recherche d'un effet particulier au trouble borderline ?

INTRODUCTION: Recent clinical and empirical works are based on Cleckley's clinical observations in which psychopathy is viewed as a personality disorder, characterised by a lack of emotions, callousness, unreliability and superficiality. Hare operationalised Cleckley's concept of psychopathy by developing the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised composed of 20 items that load on two factors in majority: factor 1 (personality aspects of psychopathy) and factor 2 (behavioural manifestations), close to the antisocial personality disorder (DSM-IV criteria). Comorbidity is strong with antisocial personality disorder but also with histrionic, narcissistic and borderline disorders. OBJECTIVES: As results of categorical studies relative to comorbidity suggest a strong comorbidity between psychopathy and other personality disorders, and particularly cluster B disorders (axis II, DSM-IV), this study assesses the relationships between psychopathy (dimensional approach) and personality disorders (categorical approach) and particularly with the borderline personality disorder. The aim of this study is also to underline the complementarity of categorical (SCID-II) and dimensional approaches (PCL-R), and the utility of the standardised clinical examination. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: We hypothesised positive associations between psychopathy and other personality disorders, mainly with the cluster B axis II (narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic, and borderline). Among those disorders, a particular link exists with the borderline personality disorder, considering that their association may attenuate the pathological level of the psychopathy. The sample included 80 male inmates from French prisons (age: M=31.48; SD=11.06). Each participant was evaluated with the PCL-R to assess the level of psychopathy and the SCID-II to assess the possible presence of personality disorders. The MINI and the WAIS-III were used to exclude respectively those who presented an axis I comorbidity (mood disorders and psychotic disorders established at the moment of the testing), or a backwardness (IQ<70). Correlations and multiple linear regressions analysis (with the Stepwise procedure) were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: As expected, the results suggested positive correlations between narcissistic, antisocial personalities and scores of psychopathy (from 0.36 to 0.63); paranoid personality was less expected (from 0.32 to 0.47). Borderline personality was associated with both the total score of psychopathy (0.24) and the score of factor 2 (0.30). Linear regression analysis revealed that the antisocial and paranoid personalities predicted the total score (R(2)=38%) and the factor 2 (R(2)=45%) of the PCL-R. Antisocial and narcissistic personalities predicted factor 1 (R(2)=22%). However, in the different models, contrary as predicted, the borderline personality was not a significant predictor. CONCLUSION: First, these results underline the importance of impulsivity above all for the cluster B personality disorders and secondly, the importance of considering impulsivity with antisocial (factor 2), narcissistic and paranoid characteristics. Moreover, because of the transversality of impulsivity, the literature outlined the cross-over between cluster B disorders and psychopathy. These different studies could have important clinical consequences (risk of violence, therapeutic indications and forecast). These results also emphasize the necessity of standardised examinations. Implications for treatment are outlined: the treatment may be adapted according to the comorbidities having an effect on psychopathy that is antisocial with paranoid personalities, and antisocial with narcissistic personalities.

Solvent dependence of the photochemistry of the styrylpyridinium dye RH421.

RH421 is a widely used voltage-sensitive fluorescent membrane probe. It is also photochemically reactive and its photochemistry is dependent on its solvent surroundings. The aim of this study is to use the solvent dependence of the dye's photochemistry as an indicator of its environment within a lipid membrane. It was found that the dye actually undergoes two competing photochemical reactions. One photochemical pathway is characterized by an increase in fluorescence, the other by a fluorescence decrease. The pathway followed depends on the light intensity, the excitation wavelength and the solvent. The pathway leading to a fluorescence decrease is very dependent on the polarity of the solvent. It is promoted by solvents of high polarity (e.g., methanol, ethanol and propanol), by high intensity illumination and long wavelength excitation (i.e., 546 or 577 nm). In less polar solvents (butanol, pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) the pathway leading to a fluorescence increase dominates. The photochemical behavior observed when the dye is bound to a lipid membrane was not comparable to its behavior in any of the isotropic solvents studied. This is most likely due to the anisotropic environment of the membrane, which results in a steep gradient in polarity along the length of the dye molecule.

Gaseous environments modify physiology in the brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during batch alcoholic fermentation.

AIMS: To investigate the impact of different gaseous atmospheres on different physiological parameters in the brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae BRAS291 during batch fermentation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Yeasts were cultivated on a defined medium with a continuous sparging of hydrogen, helium and oxygen or without gas, permitting to obtain three values of external redox. High differences were observed concerning viable cell number, size and metabolites produced during the cultures. The ethanol yields were diminished whereas glycerol, succinate, acetoin, acetate and acetaldehyde yields were enhanced significantly. Moreover, we observed major changes in the intracellular NADH/NAD(+) and GSH/GSSG ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The use of gas led to drastic changes in the cell size, primary energy metabolism and internal redox balance and E(h). These changes were different depending on the gas applied throughout the culture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: For the first time, our study describes the influence of various gases on the physiology of the brewing yeast S. cerevisiae. These influences concern mainly yeast growth, cell structure, carbon and redox metabolisms. This work may have important implications in alcohol-related industries, where different strategies are currently developed to control better the production of metabolites with a particular attention to glycerol and ethanol.

The crossmodal facilitation effect is disrupted in alcoholism: a study with emotional stimuli.

AIMS: Chronic alcoholism is classically associated with major deficits in the visual and auditory processing of emotions. However, the crossmodal (auditory-visual) processing of emotional stimuli, which occurs most frequently in everyday life, has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was to explore crossmodal processing in alcoholism, and specifically the auditory-visual facilitation effect. METHODS: Twenty patients suffering from alcoholism, and 20 matched healthy controls had to detect the emotion (anger or happiness) displayed by auditory, visual or auditory-visual stimuli. The stimuli were designed to elicit a facilitation effect (namely, faster reaction times (RTs) for crossmodal condition than for unimodal ones). RTs and performance were recorded. RESULTS: While the control subjects elicited a significant facilitation effect, alcoholic individuals did not present this effect, as no significant differences between RTs according to the modality were shown. This lack of facilitation effect is the marker of an impaired auditory-visual processing. CONCLUSIONS: Crossmodal processing of complex social stimuli (such as faces and voices) is crucial for interpersonal relations. This first evidence for a crossmodal deficit in alcoholism contribute in explaining the contrast observed between experimental results describing, up to now, mild impairments in emotional facial expression (EFE) recognition in alcoholic subjects (e.g. Oscar-Berman et al.,1990), and the many clinical observations suggesting massive problems.

[The study assessed the prevalence of TPS and its associations with psychopathy in a population of forensic violent patients in a Belgian security hospital]. / Evaluation du trouble de la personnalité sadique en relation avec la psychopathie auprès de patients internés en hôpital psychiatrique sécuritaire.

The population was composed of 76 male patients (mean age=36.14). All of them having committed a violent offence indexed in their institutional file: (1) sexual offences on children; (2) rapes of adult women; (3) homicide offence; and (4) assaults and batteries. TPS was defined by the following 8 diagnostic criteria as described in DSM III-R: 1) has used physical cruelty or violence for the purpose of establishing dominance in a relationship; 2) humiliates or demeans people in the presence of others; 3) has treated or disciplined someone under his or her control unusually harshly; 4) is amused by, or takes pleasure in, the psychological or physical suffering of others; 5) has lied for the purpose of harming or inflicting pain on others 6) gets other people to do what he or she wants by frightening them 7) restricts the autonomy of people with whom he or she has a close relationship; 8) is fascinated by violence, weapons, martial arts, injury, or torture. These criteria were assessed from (a) clinical and institutional files and (b) clinical collateral informations. TPS assessment was conducted by two -trainees in clinical psychology (kappa=0.87; n=20). The assessment of psychopathy was conducted according to the guidelines of the Hare psychopathy checklist manual (PCL-R, 1991, 2003): coding of clinical and institutional files and semi-structural clinical interviews. The PCL-R is mainly composed by 2 factors: factor 1 "Emotional detachment" describing the core psychological component of psychopathy, and factor 2 "Chronically antisocial factor" reflecting behavioral instability and antisocial life style. The total cut-off score for the inclusion of the diagnosis was 25. The prevalence of TPS in the population was 25% (n=19) and is congruent with the large range described in the literature (0.5 to 33%). The most frequent criteria were 6 (gets other people to do what he or she wants by frightening them), 1 (has used using physical cruelty or violence for the purpose of establishing dominance in a relationship) and 3 (has treated or disciplined someone under his or her control unusually harshly). The most sensible criteria were: 7 (restricts the autonomy of people with whom he or she has a close relationship), 8 (major interest for violence) and 4 (pleasure in the psychological or physical suffering of others). The most specific criteria were: 3 (has treated or disciplined someone under his or her control unusually harshly), 6 (gets other people to do what her or she wants by frightening them), 4 (takes pleasure in the psychological or physical suffering of others) and 1 (has used physical -cruelty or violence for the purpose of establishing dominance in a relationship). As concerns psychopathy, the mean of factor 1, factor 2 and the PCL-R total scores were 7.40, 9.08 and 18.67. Thus, 38% of patients were considered as "low psychopaths", 36% were considered as "moderate psychopaths" and 26% were considered as "high psychopaths". In spite of few significant positive correlations between some TPS and PCL-R criteria, TPS diagnosis was not significantly correlated with factors 1, factor 2, nor with total score of the PCL-R. The mean psychopathy total score did not differ between sadistic and non-sadistic patients. Moreover, a two ways ANOVA comparing PCL-R factors 1 and 2 did not reveal any differences between sadism and non-sadism. Again, these comparisons did not support hypothesis of a strong association between TPS and psychopathy.

[Evaluation of the HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme in a Belgian forensic population]. / Evaluation de l'échelle de risque et de gestion de violence HCR-20 dans un hôpital sécuritaire psychiatrique belge.

Violence risk assessment constitutes a major concern in forensic psychiatry, psychology and related fields. Numerous instruments like the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R, Hare, 1991) and the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) have been developed in the aim of improving precision in the prediction of violence. This study assesses the reliability index of the HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme and evaluates its relationship with the PCL-R the Buss and Perry's self-report Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) and the type of offenses officially registered. All participants (n=86) are male adult offenders detained in a Belgian high-security forensic hospital. The mean IQ and age were respectively, 81,03 and 36,71. Items common to these instruments were omitted in order to avoid a circular effect. Results showed that the HCR-20 was significantly related to the PCL-R: the historical factor was strongly correlated to the PCL-R factor 2 while the clinical factor was strongly correlated to the PCL-R factor 1. The HCR-20 was significantly related to the AQ: the historical factor was strongly correlated to the AQ Physical Aggression factor and to the Anger factor. As regards to the HCR-20 relations with offenses, its Historical factor was related to both violent (assault and battery, robbery) and non-violent offenses (drug offenses, theft). Finally, the HCR-20 was also positively related to "instrumental" and rather premeditated homicide but negatively related to psychotic homicide. The overall findings are congruent with -published data on the convergent validity of the HCR-20.

A large arteriovenous malformation of the external ear in an adult: report of a case and approach to management.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Arteriovenous malformations involving the external ear are relatively uncommon in adults. Arteriovenous malformations in the head and neck can poses difficult therapeutic challenges. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: We report a case of a large arteriovenous malformation in the external ear in a 41-year-old man. RESULTS: Extensive enlargement of the previously latent and asymptomatic arteriovenous malformation was triggered by blunt trauma to the ear. CONCLUSION: We discuss the definition, clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic management of arteriovenous malformations.

Monitoring tumor response during photodynamic therapy using near-infrared photon-migration spectroscopy.

Benzoporphyrin-derivative (BPD)-monoacid-ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed on subcutaneous tumor implants in a rat ovarian cancer model. In order to assess PDT efficacy the tumor and normal tissue optical properties were measured noninvasively prior to and during PDT using frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM). FDPM data were used to quantify tissue absorption and reduced scattering properties (given by the parameters mu a and mu's, respectively) at four near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (674, 811, 849 and 956 nm). Tissue physiologic properties, including the in vivo concentration of BPD, deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb), oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), total hemoglobin (TotHb), water (H2O) and percent tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%StO2), were calculated from optical property data. PDT efficacy was also determined from morphometric analysis of tumor necrosis in histologic specimens. All the measured tumor properties changed significantly during PDT. [Hb] increased by 9%, while [HbO2], [TotHb] and %StO2 decreased by 18, 7 and 12%, respectively. Using histologic data we show that long-term PDT efficacy is highly correlated to mean BPD concentration in tumor and PDT-induced acute changes in [HbO2], [TotHb] and %StO2 (correlation coefficients of 0.829, 0.817 and 0.953, respectively). Overall, our results indicate that NIR FDPM spectroscopy is able to quantify noninvasively and dynamically the PDT-induced physiological effects in vivo that are highly correlated with therapeutic efficacy.