Nasal High Flow Therapy for Bronchiolitis.

AIM: Uptake of nasal high-flow therapy in infants with bronchiolitis has grown in the last decade with some evidence suggesting a reduction in escalation of care. The effect of the implementation of recent available evidence on clinical practice remains unclear. METHODS: In a prospective observational study over 6 months in six metropolitan hospitals in Australia, we investigated the clinical practice of high-flow in infants admitted with bronchiolitis and an oxygen requirement. To assess the choice by clinicians of the initial oxygen therapy (standard oxygen or high-flow) the disease severity was measured by physiological parameters obtained prior to oxygen therapy commencement. Additional secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay and transfers to intensive care. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-five infants with bronchiolitis were admitted for oxygen therapy over 6 months during the winter season. Infants who received high-flow on admission to hospital displayed significantly higher respiratory rates, higher heart rates and higher early warning tool scores with more severe work of breathing than those commenced on standard oxygen therapy as a first line of oxygen therapy. A significantly longer hospital length of stay of 0.6 days occurred in infants commenced on high-flow. A significantly greater proportion on high-flow (23.3%) were admitted to intensive care compared to infants commenced on SOT (10.4%) despite the severity of disease in both groups being similar. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with bronchiolitis presenting with greater disease severity are more likely to receive high-flow therapy. Escalation of care in an intensive care unit occurred more frequently on infants on high-flow. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12618001206213.

Predictors of Intensive Care Admission in Hypoxemic Bronchiolitis Infants, Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in a preplanned secondary analysis of our parent randomized controlled trial predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in infants with bronchiolitis and analyze if these predictors are equally robust for children receiving high-flow or standard-oxygen. STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized trial of infants aged <12 months with bronchiolitis and an oxygen requirement was performed using admission and outcome data of all 1472 enrolled infants. The primary outcome was ICU admission. The predictors evaluated were baseline characteristics including physiological data and medical history. RESULTS: Of the 1472 enrolled infants, 146 were admitted to intensive care. Multivariate predictors of ICU admission were age (weeks) (OR: 0.98 [95% CI: 0.96-0.99]), pre-enrolment heart rate >160/min (OR: 1.80 [95% CI: 1.23-2.63]), pre-enrolment SpO2 (transcutaneous oxygen saturation) (%) (OR: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.86-0.95]), previous ICU admission (OR: 2.16 [95% CI: 1.07-4.40]), and time of onset of illness to hospital presentation (OR: 0.78 [95% CI: 0.65-0.94]). The predictors were equally robust for infants on high-flow nasal cannula therapy or standard-oxygen therapy. CONCLUSION: Age <2 months, pre-enrolment heart rate >160/min, pre-enrolment SpO2 of <87%, previous ICU admission and time of onset of ≤2 days to presentation are predictive of an ICU admission during the current hospital admission of infants with bronchiolitis independent of oxygenation method used. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12613000388718.

High flow in children with respiratory failure: A randomised controlled pilot trial - A paediatric acute respiratory intervention study.

AIMS: High-flow is increasingly used in children with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF), despite limited evidence. The primary feasibility endpoint for this pilot-study was the proportion of treatment failure, secondary outcomes being intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and proportion of patients requiring escalation of care. We measured duration of hospital stay, duration of oxygen therapy and rates of ICU admission. METHODS: An open-labelled randomised controlled trial feasibility design was used in two tertiary children's hospitals in the emergency department and general wards. Children aged 0-16 years with AHRF were randomised (1:1) to either high-flow or standard-oxygen. Children on standard-oxygen received rescue high-flow in general wards if failure criteria were met. RESULTS: Of 563 randomised, 283 received high-flow and 280 standard-oxygen with no adverse events. The proportion of children who failed treatment and receiving escalation of care was 11.7% (32/283 children) on high-flow and 18.1% (50/280 infants) on standard-oxygen (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.38-1.00). In children with obstructive airway disease, 9.7% on high-flow and 17.4% on standard-oxygen required escalation (risk-difference -7.7% percentage points; 95% confidence interval -14.3, -1.1); in children with non-obstructive disease no difference was observed. Neither difference in ICU admissions nor any difference in length of hospital stay was observed. Sixty percent of children who failed standard-oxygen responded to rescue high-flow. CONCLUSION: High-flow outside ICU appears to be feasible in children with AHRF and the required proportion of escalation was lower compared to standard-oxygen. The trial design can be applied in a future large randomised controlled trial.