ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A high prevalence of hypogonadism in men with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported worldwide. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of hypogonadism in Indian males with T2DM and assess the primary and secondary hypogonadism along with androgen deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 900 men with T2DM were evaluated using androgen deficiency in aging male questionnaire. They were screened for demographic characteristics, gonadal hormone levels, lipid profile, and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypogonadism in T2DM patients was found to be 20.7% (186 out of 900). Hypogonadism was of testicular origin (primary) in 48/186 (25.8%) patients, of pituitary or hypothalamic origin (secondary) in 14/186 (7.53%), and remaining 124/186 (66.67%) patients were found to have low testosterone with the inappropriate normal level of luteinizing hormone and Follicle-stimulating hormone. 451/900 (50.1%) patients were only symptomatic but had normal testosterone levels. Further 263 patients out 900 were asymptomatic, of which 51/900 (5.7%) patients had low levels of testosterone and 212/900 (23.5%) patients had normal testosterone level without symptoms. There were no deaths or other serious adverse events except mild pyrexia which was not related to the study. CONCLUSION: Hypogonadism diagnosis, at times, might not be validated with the help of androgen deficiency questionnaire or symptoms only. Given the large number of patients of T2DM in India, the incidence of hypogonadism is more in diabetic patients as compared to the general population. Hence, implementation of screening programs in diabetic patients is necessary to understand and detect individuals with low serum total testosterone at any early stage and to supplement testosterone accordingly.
ABSTRACT
AIM: Prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes, pre-hypertension (pre-HT), and hypertension (HT) in children weighing more than normal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three- to eighteen-year old children weighing more than normal were included. Pathological short children were excluded. According to Centre for Disease Control (CDC), children are grouped into overweight (OW) and obese (OB). Indian B.P. reference tables are used for defining HT and pre-HT.[2] HbA1c by HPLC (BIO RAD) method was used to define pre-diabetes and diabetes.[3] Children with HbA1c ≥6.5 were subjected for Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT). C-peptide assay was done to rule out (r/o) IDDM. OBSERVATIONS: When we compare this with our earlier presentation at PEDICON 2011, we found that hypertension (HTN) (22.9% vs. 23.07%) is not significantly different but pre-HTN (28.09% vs. 33.9%), pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) (3.7% vs. 64.3%), and diabetes mellitus (DM) (0.35% vs. 3.8%) are significantly high in this study. CONCLUSION: (1) Prevalence of HT (22.90% vs. 23.07%) is similar in both groups but pre-HT (33.9% vs. 28.09%) is high in this study. (2) Significant rise in prevalence of diabetes (3.84% vs. 0.35%) and pre-diabetes (64.33% vs. 3.7%) is seen in this study. (3) This change is because of using HbA1c as screening tool in children weighing more than normal.
