ABSTRACT
Graphene is a highly promising material for biosensors due to its excellent physical and chemical properties which facilitate electron transfer between the active locales of enzymes or other biomaterials and a transducer surface. Printing technology has recently emerged as a low-cost and practical method for fabrication of flexible and disposable electronics devices. The combination of these technologies is promising for the production and commercialization of low cost sensors. In this review, recent developments in organo-functionalized graphene and printed biosensor technologies are comprehensively covered. Firstly, various methods for printing graphene-based fluids on different substrates are discussed. Secondly, different graphene-based ink materials and preparation methods are described. Lastly, biosensing performances of printed or printable graphene-based electrochemical and field effect transistor sensors for some important analytes are elaborated. The reported printed graphene based sensors exhibit promising properties with good reliability suitable for commercial applications. Among most reports, only a few printed graphene-based biosensors including screen-printed oxidase-functionalized graphene biosensor have been demonstrated. The technology is still at early stage but rapidly growing and will earn great attention in the near future due to increasing demand of low-cost and disposable biosensors.
Subject(s)
Bioprinting/methods , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Graphite/chemistry , Animals , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Bioprinting/economics , Bioprinting/instrumentation , Biosensing Techniques/economics , Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation , Electrochemical Techniques/economics , Electrochemical Techniques/instrumentation , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Equipment Design , Humans , Ink , Models, Molecular , Organic Chemicals/chemistry , Transistors, ElectronicABSTRACT
In this work, electron field emission from AAO-CNT structure is studied as a function of anodizing voltage. It is found that the turn-on electric field of AAO-CNTs reduces from 5 V/microm to 4 V/microm as anodization voltage increase from 20 to 30 V. On the other hand, CNTs the turn-on electric field of AAO-CNTs increases from 4 V/microm to 6 V/microm as anodization voltage increase from 30 to 40 V. Thus, anodization voltage of 30 V provides an optimal AAO-CNTs structure for electron field emission. The emission data have been analyzed based on the Fowler Nordhiem (F-N) model. AAO template prepared with 30 V anodization voltage is found to yield CNT nanoarray with optimum alignment and spacing that increase field enhancement factor by the lowering of field screening effect without significant lowering of CNTs density.
ABSTRACT
This work reports a new cholesterol detection scheme using functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode in a polydimethylsiloxane/glass based flow injection microfluidic chip. CNTs working, silver reference and platinum counter electrode layers were fabricated on the chip by sputtering and low temperature chemical vapor deposition methods. Cholesterol oxidase prepared in polyvinyl alcohol solution was immobilized on CNTs by in-channel flow technique. Cholesterol analysis based on flow injection chronoamperometric measurement was performed in 150-µm-wide and 150-µm-deep microchannels. Fast and sensitive real-time detection was achieved with high throughput of more than 60 samples per hour and small sample volume of 15 µl. The cholesterol sensor had a linear detection range between 50 and 400 mg/dl. In addition, low cross-sensitivities toward glucose, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen and uric acid were confirmed. The proposed system is promising for clinical diagnostics of cholesterol with high speed real-time detection capability, very low sample consumption, high sensitivity, low interference and good stability.
