First nosocomial cluster of COVID-19 due to the Delta variant in a major acute care hospital in Singapore: investigations and outbreak response.

OBJECTIVES: The first large nosocomial cluster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Singapore in April 2021 led to partial closure of a major acute care hospital. This study examined factors associated with infection among patients, staff and visitors; investigated the possible role of aerosol-based transmission; evaluated the effectiveness of BNT162.b2 and mRNA1273 vaccines; and described the successful containment of the cluster. METHODS: Close contacts of patients with COVID-19 and the affected ward were identified and underwent surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patient, staff and visitor cohorts were constructed and factors associated with infection were evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis of patient samples was performed. Ward air exhaust filters were tested for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: In total, there were 47 cases, comprising 29 patients, nine staff, six visitors and three household contacts. All infections were of the Delta variant. Ventilation studies showed turbulent air flow and swabs from air exhaust filters were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine breakthrough infections were seen in both patients and staff. Among patients, vaccination was associated with a 79% lower odds of infection with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: This cluster occurred despite enhancement of infection control measures that the hospital had undertaken at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was brought under control rapidly through case isolation, extensive contact tracing and quarantine measures, and led to enhanced use of hospital personal protective equipment, introduction of routine rostered testing of inpatients and staff, and changes in hospital infrastructure to improve ventilation within general wards.

Singapore's burden of disease and injury 2004.

INTRODUCTION: The Singapore Burden of Disease (SBoD) Study 2004 provides a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the size and distribution of health problems in Singapore. It is the first local study to use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to quantify the total disease burden. METHODS: The SBoD study applied the methods developed for the original Global Burden of Disease study to data specific to Singapore to compute the DALYs. DALY is a summary measure of population health that combines time lost due to premature mortality (years of life lost [YLL]) with time spent in ill-health (broadly-termed disability) arising from incident cases of disease or injury (years of life lost due to disability [YLD]). DALYs, stratified by gender and age group, were calculated for more than 130 specific health conditions for the Singapore resident population for the year 2004. RESULTS: In 2004, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top three leading causes of premature death and ill-health in Singapore, and together accounted for more than one-quarter (28 percent) of the total disease burden (in DALYs). Morbidity burden (YLD) was responsible for 52 percent of the total DALYs, with diabetes mellitus, anxiety and depression, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias being the main sources of the total YLDs. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke and lung cancer were the major contributors to the premature mortality burden (YLL). CONCLUSION: This study provides an objective and systematic assessment of the fatal and nonfatal health conditions in Singapore to support priority setting in public health policies and research.

2001 survey on primary medical care in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: The 2001 survey on primary medical care was undertaken to compare updated primary healthcare practices such as workload and working hours in the public and private sectors; determine private and public sector market shares in primary medical care provision; and gather the biographical profile and morbidity profile of patients seeking primary medical care from both sectors in Singapore. This is the third survey in its series, the earlier two having been carried out in 1988 and 1993, respectively. METHODS: The survey questionnaire was sent out to all the 1480 family doctors in private primary health outpatient practice, the 89 community-based paediatricians in the private sector who were registered with the Singapore Medical Council and also to all 152 family doctors working in the public sector primary medical care clinics. The latter comprised the polyclinics under the two health clusters in Singapore, namely the Singapore Health Services and National Healthcare Group, and to a very much smaller extent, the School Health Service's (SHS) outpatient clinics. The survey was conducted on 21 August 2001, and repeated on 25 September 2001 to enable those who had not responded to the original survey date to participate. Subjects consisted of all outpatients who sought treatment at the private family practice clinics (including the clinics of the community-based paediatricians), and the public sector primary medical care clinics, on the survey day. RESULTS: The response rate from the family doctors in private practice was 36 percent. Owing to the structured administrative organisation of the polyclinics and SHS outpatient clinics, all returns were completed and submitted to the respective headquarters. Response from the community-based paediatricians was poor, so their findings were omitted in the survey analysis. The survey showed that the average daily patient-load of a family doctor in private practice was 33 patients per day, which was lower than the 40 patients a day recorded in 1993. The average working hours of each of these private practitioners was 7.6 hours per day. Family doctors in public sector primary medical care clinics were responsible for 16.6 percent of the patient-load for primary medical care in Singapore while the remaining 83.4 percent was provided by family doctors in private practice. Singaporeans made approximately 4.4 visits to a family doctor in 2001, which was lower than the 5.0 visits ascertained in 1993. Chronic medical conditions seen by family doctors as a whole, increased from 29.2 percent in 1993 to 34.3 percent in 2001. Upper respiratory tract infections and hypertension were the two leading disease conditions seen at both private and public sector primary medical care clinics in 2001. The load of hypertension managed at primary medical care clinics had notably increased. CONCLUSION: The public sector share of outpatient load at 17 percent in 2001 is well within the 25 percent level set in the Government's 1993 White Paper on Affordable Healthcare. The private sector remains the main provider of primary medical care in Singapore, serving 83 percent of the population. The average workload for each family doctor in private practice had dropped from 40 to 33 patients a day between 1993 and 2001. There had been a notable growth in family doctors working in the private sector over this period. Both sectors saw an increase in the chronic disease load that they managed.