[Long-term results of hypospadias surgery. Urinary and sexual function, and psychological impact]. / Resultados a largo plazo de la cirugía de hipospadias. Función urinaria, sexual e impacto psicológico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the current status of the patients operated on for hypospadias in our region, in order to adapt the surgical technique to their real needs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive and observational study. Interviews were conducted with hypospadias surgery patients in our hospital between 1976 and 1996, focusing on their urinary and sexual function and psychological impact. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and comparisons between types of hypospadias (SPSSv19). RESULTS: 566 patients were operated on for hypospadias during the study period, interviewing 100 aged between 18 and 40 years. The 73% were distal and 27% proximal. Of all patients, 30% do not have an orthotopic meatus, 10% have fistula, 18% have some degree of stenosis and 52% have penile curvature. The 13% feel to have had disadvantages in their life. They consider they have a different penis in: size (19%), glans shape (17%), curvature (14%), scars (10%) and lowest hole (7%). Sexual satisfaction was valued at 8.9 on a scale of 1 to 10, with no differences between the types of hypospadias. Proximal hypospadias patients have more ejaculation problems: 42% versus 11% in distal hypospadias. The 68% of the proximal ones would like to improve compared to 20% of the distal in: appearance (17%), size (11%) and way to urinate (11%). CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic abnormalities are maintained but the aspects that values the adult patient differ from those persecuted by practiced surgeries. A significant percentage of patients would try to get another surgery. Keeping the size of the penis and natural appearance of the glans should be a priority in hypospadias surgery.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer el estado actual de los pacientes intervenidos por hipospadias en nuestra región, para adaptar la técnica quirúrgica a sus necesidades reales. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio descriptivo y observacional. Se entrevistó a pacientes intervenidos de hipospadias en nuestro hospital entre 1976 y 1996, incidiendo en su función urinaria, sexual e impacto psicológico. Realizamos análisis estadístico descriptivo y comparaciones entre tipos de hipospadias (SPSSv19). RESULTADOS: 566 pacientes fueron intervenidos de hipospadias en el período estudiado, entrevistándose a 100, con edades entre 18 y 40 años. El 73% fueron distales y 27% proximales. En el 30% el meato no es ortotópico, 10% presenta fístula, 18% presenta algún grado de estenosis y 52% presenta curvatura. El 13% siente haber tenido desventajas en su vida. Consideran su pene diferente en: tamaño (19%), forma glande (17%), curvatura (14%), cicatrices (10%) y orificio más bajo (7%). La satisfacción sexual fue valorada en 8,9 en una escala del 1 al 10, sin diferencias entre los tipos de hipospadias. Los proximales presentan mayores problemas de eyaculación: 42% frente al 11% de los distales. El 68% de los proximales desearían mejorar frente al 20% de los distales, en apariencia (17%), tamaño (11%) y forma de orinar (11%). CONCLUSIONES: Se mantienen alteraciones anatómicas pero los aspectos que más valora el paciente adulto difieren de los perseguidos en las cirugías que se practicaban. Un porcentaje importante de pacientes se reoperaría de nuevo. Mantener el tamaño del pene y aspecto natural del glande debe ser un objetivo prioritario durante la cirugía de hipospadias.

Diagnostic yield of lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging requested by paediatric urology consultations. / Rentabilidad diagnóstica de la resonancia magnética lumbosacra solicitada desde las consultas de urología pediátrica.

OBJECTIVES: In the historical series, the diagnostic yield of lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging to rule out occult spinal dysraphism (or occult myelodysplasia), requested by paediatric urology, ranged from 2% to 15%. The aim of this study was to define our cost-effectiveness in children with urinary symptoms and to define endpoints that increase the possibility of finding occult spinal dysraphism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A screening was conducted on patients with urinary dysfunction for whom an magnetic resonance imaging was requested by the paediatric urology clinic, for persistent symptoms after treatment, voiding dysfunction or other clinical or urodynamic findings. We analysed clinical (UTI, daytime leaks, enuresis, voiding dysfunction, urgency, renal ultrasonography, lumbosacral radiography, history of acute urine retention, skin stigma and myalgia) and urodynamic endpoints (hyperactivity or areflexia, voiding dysfunction, interrupted pattern, accommodation value and maximum flow). A univariate analysis was conducted with SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: We analysed 21 patients during the period 2011-2015. The median age was 6 years (3-10). Three patients (14.3%) had occult spinal dysraphism: one spinal lipoma, one filum lipomatosus and one caudal regression syndrome with channel stenosis. The endpoints with statistically significant differences were the myalgias and the history of acute urine retention (66.7% vs. 5.6%, P=.04; OR= 34; 95%CI: 1.5-781 for both endpoints). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic yield of magnetic resonance imaging requested for children with urinary dysfunctions without skin stigma or neuro-orthopaedic abnormalities is low, although nonnegligible. In this group, the patients with a history of acute urine retention and muscle pain (pain, «cramps¼) can experience a greater diagnostic yield or positive predictive value.

[Animated biofeedback for the dysfunctional voiding syndrome]. / Biofeedback animado para el tratamiento de la micción disfuncional.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze clinical and electromyographic treatment outcome of dysfunctional voiding (DV) with animated Biofeedback (Bfb). Clinical or electromyographic variables associated with higher success rate were checked. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients with DV, that in 2010- 2015 followed animated Bfb program. Efficacy was measured with Uroflowmetry, Electromyography (EMG) and validated clinical questionnaire. Inclusion criteria: no myelodysplasia, no anatomical malformations and a minumin of 3 Bfb sessions. Clinical variables: age, number of sessions, daytime leaks, nocturnal enuresis, constipation, UTI, VUR. Flow measurement variables: morphology of curves, electromyogram, flows, and elevated post void residual (PVR). RESULTS: Of 37 patients who received Bfb, 27 girls who met inclusion criteria were selected. Mean age: 7.8 years (2.5). Twelve (44%) had detrusor overactivity on urodynamics concomitantly. Globally, all clinical and flowmetry parameters improved. Clinically 33.5% had complete resolution of symptoms, 37% improved (> 50% of symptoms according to criteria ICCS) and 29% had no improvement. In EMG, 74% achieved normal perineal relaxation. Constipation at baseline is associated with lower rates of success (cure: 13 vs. 58%, p = 0.019; cure + improvement: 60% vs. 83% p> 0.05). The absence of RPM at the end of the study was associated with clinical improvement (cure: 66.7% vs. 0%, p = 0.012; cure + improvement: 89% vs. 60%, p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bfb in DV provides cure or improvement and electromyographic resolution are 69 and 74% respectively. The absence of constipation is associated with higher success rates. The High RPM correlates with persistence of clinics.

OBJETTIVOS: Se pretende analizar resultado clínico y electromiográfico del tratamiento de la micción disfuncional (MD) con Biofeedback (Bfb) animado. Además, se estudia si existen variables clínicas o electromiográficas asociadas a mayor tasa de éxito. PACIENTES Y METODOS: Se realizó corte transversal de pacientes con MD, que en 2010- 2015 siguieron programa de Bfb animado. El control post-tratamiento se realizó con Uroflujometría más Electromiografía y cuestionario validado. Se excluyeron los pacientes con mielodisplasia, malformaciones anatómicas, y a los que recibieron menos de 3 sesiones. Las variables clínicas estudiadas fueron: edad, número de sesiones, fugas diurnas, enuresis nocturna, estreñimiento, ITU, RVU. Las flujométricas fueron: morfología de curvas, electromiograma, flujos, y residuo postmiccional (RPM) elevado. RESULTADOS: De 37 pacientes que recibieron Bfb, se seleccionaron 27 niñas que cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Edad media: 7,8 años (DE: 2,5). Doce (44%) presentaron hiperactividad del detrusor asociado a la MD. De manera global, todos los parámetros clínicos y flujométricos mejoraron. Clínicamente 33,5% presentó resolución completa de síntomas y el 37% mejoraron (desaparecieron más del 50% de los síntomas según criterios ICCS). El 29% no presentó mejoría. Electromiográficamente el 74% logró flujometrías normales. El estreñimiento al inicio del estudio se asocia a tasas menores de éxito (curación: 13 vs. 58%, p= 0,019; curación + mejoría: 60% vs. 83% p > 0,05). La ausencia de RPM al final del estudio se relacionó con la mejoría clínica (curación: 66,7% vs. 0%, p= 0,012; curación + mejoría: 89% vs. 60%, p > 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El Bfb en la micción disfuncional proporciona tasas de curación/mejoría clínica y de resolución electromiográfica del 69 y 74%, respectivamente. La ausencia de estreñimiento se asocia a mayores tasas de éxito. La persistencia de clínica se relaciona con RPM elevado post-tratamiento.

A modified device to facilitate flow measurements during voiding cystometry studies in infants.

INTRODUCTION: Urodynamic studies (UDS) in infants are traditionally hampered by technique and flow collection; both are difficult and have not yet been standardized. METHODS: A very simple device has been developed to collect urine during the voiding phase in UDS. It is based on a urine-collection adhesive bag, which is connected to a tube that conducts the urine to a flowmeter. RESULTS: Eleven infants (4-23 months) were selected and a complete UDS was performed on all of them. A diagnosis was obtained for all of the infants. DISCUSSION: This device is easily available in every pediatric clinic; it is also disposable and inexpensive. It enables UDS in infants to be complete and achievable.

[Neonatal surgical site infection: multicentric survey on prophylactic measures]. / Infección de herida quirúrgica neonatal: encuesta multicéntrica sobre medidas profilácticas.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical site infection (SSI) has a considerable impact on neonatal morbidity. There are known risk factors such type of surgery (clean/contaminated), prematurity, surgical length, hypoalbuminemia, previous infection, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and so on. Many perioperative factors have not been studied, opposite to adults. We have developed a survey on intraoperative attitudes and measures, as surgical wound management in Neonates among pediatric surgeons, to seek for a wider consense. METHODS: Multi-response survey with 22 items, based on the Surgical Infection Society NIH 2008 clinical guideline. Each item poses a question on perioperative attitudes, surgical aspects and wound management. Each question is subdivided in two categories, depending on urgency and type of surgery (clean/contaminated). RESULTS: 159 surveys were sent. Among those, we received back 51 (32%). 69% of the interviewed surgeons use clorhexidin to prepare surgical field, 25% use Iodine solutions. 69% never use diathermy to incise skin. There was no agreement on the use of sterile plastic adhesive drapes, intra-cavity lavage, changing surgical gloves/material, or wound irrigation during closure. 82% never use cyanocrilate dressing. Intracuticular skin suture and simple stitches were used indistinctly. Wound management and dressings were not uniform and depended on each pediatric unit. CONCLUSIONS: The survey reflects the lack of consensus regarding prophylactic measures and wound management among pediatric surgeons who care after surgical neonates.

OBJETIVOS: La infección de herida quirúrgica (IHQ) es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad en Neonatología. Existen factores de riesgo conocidos: tipo de cirugía (sucia/contaminada/limpia), prematuridad, duración de intervención, hipoalbuminemia, infección previa, ventilación mecánica prolongada y contaminación de vía central. Otros factores perioperatorios no han sido estudiados en neonatos, sí en adultos. Desarrollamos una encuesta sobre las actitudes y las medidas, intraoperatorias y de manejo de herida. Pretendemos dilucidar si existe consenso sobre la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal. METODOS: Encuesta con 22 ítems, basada en la guía de prevención de la IHQ en adultos (Surgical Infection Society, 2008). Cada ítem cuestiona temas sobre hábitos perioperatorios, intra y postoperatorios, relacionados con el manejo de la herida quirúrgica en el neonato, y consta de dos preguntas, según sea cirugía sucia/urgente o limpia/contaminada. Las opciones de respuesta son 4: siempre, con frecuencia, raramente y nunca. Enviamos la encuesta a cirujanos pediátricos españoles mediante correo electrónico en el primer trimestre del 2012. RESULTADOS: Se enviaron 159 encuestas. 51 (32%) respondieron. 69% emplean clorhexidina para preparar campo, 25% usan povidona iodada. Solo el 51% refirió dejar actuar siempre un minuto el antiséptico. 69% nunca usan bisturí eléctrico en piel para ampliar herida. No hubo respuestas unánimes en cuanto al uso de paños adhesivos protectores del campo, la irrigación de planos con suero o antisépticos durante el cierre, el empleo de drenajes, cambio de guantes y/o material al iniciar el cierre (cirugía sucia). El 72% y el 82% nunca emplean cianocrilato como cierre o apósito en neonatos, respectivamente. En cirugía sucia, 43% suturan piel con intradérmica y 49% con puntos sueltos. CONCLUSIONES: La distribución de respuestas refleja la falta de consenso sobre los aspectos de la técnica quirúrgica y el manejo perioperatorio que podrían estar relacionados con la profilaxis de IHQ neonatal.

[Ultrasound markers in the follow up of pyeloplasty]. / Evolución de los parámetros ecográficos tras pieloplastia en la población infantil.

INTRODUCTION: There are few studies on the long term follow up of pyeloplasty. Is there a residual pelvis dilatation in all successful procedures? How is the long term evolution of the ecographic parameters and measures postoperatively (PO)? PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed all successful Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties performed on obstructed renal pelvis with an anterio-posterior diameter >15 mm during 2001-2010. Ultrasound controls were made at 3 and 6 months postoperatively and then yearly afterwards. We aimed to describe time course of hydronephrotic changes following unilateral pyeloplasties, using three parameters: pelvic anterior-posterior diameter (APD), pelvis/córtex ratio (P/C R) and the percentage of improvement in APD (PI-APD). RESULTS: 41 patientswereincluded. Age at intervention ranged from 2 months to 10.3 years (mean 13 months, 83% were operated in the first year of life). Median of follow up was 4 years (range 1-12 years). Mean APD preoperatively was 25 mm (range 16-54). At the third month PO, PI-APD was 28%. At the sixth month control, it was 51%, and remained stable during the next consecutive yearly controls, without statistically significant variations (50%, 57%, 60%, 51%, 39%, 46%, 38%, 42%). P/C R diminished significantly already in the third month control (4.6 vs. 1.8, p=0.03). We observed complete disappearance of hidronephrosis in 8 patients (19.5%). DISCUSSION: Although early postoperative ultrasound changes occur, the ultrasound parameters remain often stable during long term follow up. We documented the complete normalization of renal pelvis (no hydronephrosis) in one of every five patients.

INTRODUCCION: Hay pocos estudios sobre la evolución postquirúrgica a largo plazo de la estenosis de la unión pieloureteral (EUPU). ¿Existe una dilatación residual en todos los pacientes que presentan resultados satisfactorios tras la cirugía? ¿Cuál es la evolución en los parámetros ecográficos? PACIENTES Y METODOS: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con EUPU intrínseca, con diámetro anteroposterior (AP) de la pelvis >15 mm (e hidronefrosis grado III o superior), y seguidos tras pieloplastia de Anderson-Hynes en el periodo 2001-2010 (10 años), no reintervenidos, asintomáticos y con función renal normal. Los controles ecográficos se hicieron a los 3 y 6 meses postoperatorio (PO) y posteriormente anuales. Se midieron tres parámetros: diámetro AP, ratio pelvis/córtex (R P/C) y porcentaje de mejoría (PM). RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 41 pacientes, intervenidos entre 2 meses y 10,3 años (media 13 meses, 83% en primer año de vida), mediana de seguimiento: 4 años (rango: 1-12). El diámetro AP de la pelvis renal medio pre-quirúrgico fue de 25 mm (rango 16-54). A los 3 meses la disminución media del diámetro AP (o PM) fue del 28% (respecto a diámetro prequirúrgico). A los 6 meses PO, fue del 51%, permaneciendo estable durante los siguientes años: 50%, 57%, 60%, 51%, 39%, 46%, 38%, 42% (controles anuales durante los primeros 8 años). La relación pelvis/córtex disminuyó de manera significativa ya en las ecografías al tercer mes (4,6 vs. 1,8; p= 0,03). En 8 pacientes (19,5%) se pudo objetivar ausencia de dilatación piélica en la evolución. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque los cambios ecográficos tras la pieloplastia se pudieron objetivar desde los controles precoces, permanecieron a menudo sin cambios durante los controles posteriores. Sin embargo, en uno de cada cinco pacientes se objetivó la desaparición de la dilatación piélica.

[Mesenteric cysts in children]. / Quistes mesentéricos en la edad pediátrica: ¿qué son en realidad?

OBJECTIVES: Mesenteric cysts (MC) are benign cystic tumors that grow within mesentery or omentum tissue. We have reviewed the cases of MC reported and operated on in our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of clinical records of MC cases during the period 2002-2012 RESULTS: A total of 7 patients were found. Mean age was 5.3 years (range 3-11). Abdominal ultrasound was the diagnostic tool in all cases, except for one, which was diagnosed during laparotomy. All presented abdominal pain, 5 (71.4%) vomiting, 4 (57%) gross abdominal distension, 3 (42.8%) fever, and none presented complete abdominal obstruction, although 2 patients (28.6%) had slight sub-occlusion symptoms. All MC were pedicled or sesil, except for our last case, which extended into the retroperitoneum. All specimens were reported as Limphatic Malformation. None recurred. CONCLUSIONS: MC in children are mostly Lymphatic Malformations of mesentery or omentum origin, and clinical presentation varies from chronic abdominal pain to sudden-onset peritonitis or volvulus. About 50-60% require intestinal resection and anastomosis.

[Ureteral valves: literature review and description of 4 new cases]. / Valvas ureterales: revisión de la literatura y descripción de 4 nuevos casos.

Ureteral valves are a rare malformation, with an incidence of 1 in 5000-8000 live births. Urological malformations are associated with 50% of cases according to the current literature. We report 4 cases treated in our hospital from 2004 to 2012. Three of the patients had renal dysgenesis, one case associated with complete urethral duplication, and another case associated with a ureteral atresia.

Flujometría en varones asintomáticos intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass / Uroflowmetry values among asymptomatic children who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty

Objetivos. La uretroplastia mediante tubularización de la placa incidida (TIP), introducida por Snodgrass en 1994, es una técnica muy extendida que produce buenos resultados funcionales y cosméticos, pero que puede ocasionar cambios en el chorro miccional con una curva y parámetros flujométricos alterados. La falta de elasticidad de la neouretra es considerada la causa, comprobándose la tendencia a la mejoría de los parámetros flujométricos con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo del estudio es conocer las características flujométricas en nuestros pacientes asintomáticos y su evolución en el tiempo. Pacientes y métodos. Pacientes intervenidos mediante TIP entre 2005 y 2012, clínicamente asintomáticos, buena calibración uretral y no reintervenidos. Flujometrías realizadas en visitas periódicas, clasificación según volumen miccional. Comparación con Nomograma validado para población española. Análisis: SPSS 15.0.Resultados. 85 pacientes intervenidos a una edad media de: 2,7 años. Media de seguimiento: 32 meses. En 57 (67,1%) el hipospadias fue coronal, 19 (22,4%), peneano distal y 9 (10,6%), peneano medio. Obtuvimos 131 flujometrías, (1,54 por niño), a una edad media de 5,1 años (rango 2,5-8). En controles precoces la curva fue acampanada en 21% (6/29). Qmáx (flujo máximo): 7 ml/s, Qav (flujo medio): 4,3 ml/seg. Estos valores mejoraron en controles posteriores: curva en campana: 28% (29/74) (p>0,05); Qmáx: 9,09 ml/seg (p=0,06); Qave: 4,9 ml/seg (p=0,07). Al ajustar según el volumen de la micción, los resultados también mejoraron. Se construye Nomograma específico.Conclusión. Nuestros datos confirman que nuestros pacientes intervenidos de TIP y clínicamente asintomáticos pueden presentar cambios en los parámetros flujométricos, con tendencia a mejorar en controles sucesivos (AU)

Purpose. Tubularized incised plate uretroplasty (TIPU) technique for hypospadias repair or Snodgrass procedure has become increasingly popular since its description in 1994. The elasticity of the neouretra is reduced and several studies have pointed out that flow parameters of the patients operated on this procedure show some grade of asymptomatic functional obstruction, although there are reports on the improvement of these parameters on the mid term. We evaluated the functional outcome in the form of urinary flow in asymptomatic children following uncomplicated TIPU.Patients and methods. We reviewed the urine flow rate of asymtomatic toilet trained children who underwent TIPU at our institution between 2005 and 2012. Uroflowmetries were performed in a serial fashion, during the follow up visits at the first months after the repair and yearly afterwards. Unfavourable values were plateau or interrupted curves and peak flow below the 5th percentile of a validated Nomogram for children (Gutiérrez-Segura). Statistical work up: SPSS 15.0.Results. 85 patients were eligible. The mean age at surgery was 2.7 years. Median follow up was 29 months (6-82 months). Hypospadias was distal penile in 76 (89.5%) and mid penile in 9 (10.6%). We obtained 131 uroflowmetries (1.54 per patient) at a mean age of 5.1 years (2.5 8). 66.7% of the peak flow values and 55% of the average (..) (AU)

[Uroflowmetry values among asymptomatic children who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty]. / Flujometría en varones asintomáticos intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass.

PURPOSE: Tubularized incised plate uretroplasty (TIPU) technique for hypospadias repair or Snodgrass procedure has become increasingly popular since its description in 1994. The elasticity of the neouretra is reduced and several studies have pointed out that flow parameters of the patients operated on this procedure show some grade of asymptomatic functional obstruction, although there are reports on the improvement of these parameters on the mid term. We evaluated the functional outcome in the form of urinary flow in asymptomatic children following uncomplicated TIPU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the urine flow rate of asymptomatic toilet trained children who underwent TIPU at our institution between 2005 and 2012. Uroflowmetries were performed in a serial fashion, during the follow up visits at the first months after the repair and yearly afterwards. Unfavourable values were plateau or interrupted curves and peak flow below the 5th percentile of a validated Nomogram for children (Gutiérrez-Segura). Statistical work up: SPSS 15.0. RESULTS: 85 patients were eligible. The mean age at surgery was 2.7 years. Median follow up was 29 months (6-82 months). Hypospadias was distal penile in 76 (89.5%) and mid penile in 9 (10.6%). We obtained 131 uroflowmetries (1.54 per patient) at a mean age of 5.1 years (2.5-8). 66.7% of the peak flow values and 55% of the average flow values were below the 5th percentile of the Nomogram. Flow curve was normal (bell- shaped) in 35 charts (26.5%), irregular in 38 (28.8%) and plateau in 56 (42.4%). Peak flow values improved in the second year after surgery (compared to the first year values): 7 ml/sgvs 8.09 ml/sg (p=0.07). The difference was significative in low volumes (<100 ml) (6.3 vs 7.8 ml/sg, p=0.04). Bell-shaped curve rate also grew: 21% (6/29) vs 28% (29/74), p> 0.05. We constructed a specific Nomogram for this population. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that many asymptomatic patients who undergo TIPU repair present altered flow patterns. Spontaneous partial improvement is the norm after the first year of surgery.

[Influence of weight loss in the clinical evolution, metabolic and psychological of the patients with overweight or obesity]. / Influencia de la pérdida de peso en la evolución clínica, metabólica y psicológica de los pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The clinical evolution and psychological well-being of patients with overweight or obesity is still a matter of controversy. The aim of this study is to know the impact of the loss of weight on the evolution of the alterations both clinical and metabolic as psychological in patients with overweight or obesity. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied a cohort of 192 patients randomly chosen. All of them were characterized clinically and biochemically. Autoadministered questionnaires were used which were already validated in the Spanish population:the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and bulimia subescale, the Eating Disorder Inventary (EDI). For the statistical analysis using the statistical program SPSS 15.0. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation). RESULTS: The weight loss was 3.77 (4.85) kilograms, equivalent to a 3.8 (4.86)% of the total weight, the diameter of the waist was reduced by 3.78 (5.89) centimeters, systolic blood pressure was reduced by 3.36 (15.61) mmHg and diastolic in 2.15 (11.26) mmHg. We also found a decreased significantly of glucose levels 7.37(21.23) mg/dl, insulin levels 2.773 (8.749) IU/ml, HOMA-IR index 0.925 (2.728), triglycerides 12.59 (82.95) mg/dl and uric acid 0.172 (1.13) mg/dl. The basal score of the GHQ-28 was pathological in 44,8% of the studied patients, and after six months of treatment, it improved in 20,8% of the patients (p < 0,001). The EDI bulimia subscale score at the beginning of the treatment was 1,02 (SD 1,91), improving after six months of treatment to 0,65 (SD 1,49) p < 0,002. CONCLUSION: The decrease in weight improves not only clinical parameters and biochemical cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance, but also improves the scale score Goldberg, with higher impact on those with worse baseline GHQ-28 scores.

[Evaluation of the effect of hospital clown's performance about anxiety in children subjected to surgical intervention]. / Evaluación del efecto de la actuación de los payasos de hospital sobre la ansiedad, en los niños sometidos a una intervención quirúrgica.

OBJECTIVE: To be hospitalized is a highly distressing event for children. At present, a resort used in Spain and other countries to reduce children's anxiety in the health context are hospital's clown. We studied the effect of the hospital's clowns about the anxiety in children that going to be operated. METHODS: We recruited 60 children aged 6 to 10 years scheduled to undergo elective surgery. 30 children would have clowns before the surgery (case group) and 30 would not have them (control group). In the case group, two clowns performed for children. We measured the anxiety with several scales (STAIC, CCPH, faces scale), after the performance and until 7 days after the surgery. RESULTS: The outcomes show both groups a tendency to increase anxiety but the children of the case group showed less increase at the anxiety's score. In the control group is showed that the children are more alterated at seven days from the discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Children that receive the clown's care, have tendency to be less distressing and with less fear that another ones, measurement by STAIC and faces scale, and these results are maintained seven days after the discharge.

[Endoscopic treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in childhood. Review of 989 cases in a 9 years period]. / Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicorrenal primario en la infancia. Revisión de 989 casos tratados en el Servicio Asistencial de Urología Pediátrica de la Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia en un periodo de 9 años.

PURPOSE: The primary vesicoureteral reflux (PVUR) is the most common urologic pathology during childhood and affects from 1 to 3% of newborn. It causes acute pyelonephritis (APN) and renal damage in addition to hospital visits with high economic and social costs. Nowadays the endoscopic treatment (ETR) seems to be the most suitable one for the reflux, due to its lower biological cost and its good results. We report our experience in the endoscopic treatment of the primary vesicoureteral reflux (ETR) in Murcia Pediatric Hospital from 1998 to 2007. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present a retrospective study describing 989 patients (1498 ureters) treated by means of ETR. All patients were treated with chemoprophylaxis since the moment of the diagnosis. ETR was fulfilled by the surgeon in an ambulatory way and with Sevofluorano. Deflux, Macroplastique and Coaptite were used. Age, stade, number of ETR, material, chemoprophylaxis, ureterocistoneostomy and ETR costs were evaluated. RESULTS: One-thousand four-hundred and ninty-eight ureteral units, corresponding to 989 patients, (51,2% males), at ages from 4 months to 21-years-old, have been treated by means of ETR. The average age was 4-years-old. Grade III reflux was the most common of all, with 801 ureters affected. Deflux was used in 777 patients, Macroplastique in 203 and Coaptite in 9. No problems in early post-operation happened and the average length was shorter than 2 hours. Forty-eight hours after, 7 patients had to be treated due to APN. Four patients showed late litiasis related to ETR. Two suffered litotomy. The 89.9% of the patients were cured at first ETR. The 11.2% needed a second ETR, with 2.12% of failure (21 patients). Six cured with the third injection and 2 needed a fourth ETR. Thirteen children were treated with ureterocistoneostomy. Radiological correction have not relation with PVUR level and does not show significant differences. Failure regarding the used material was around 9% for Deflux, 11.8% for Macroplastique and 66.6% for Coaptite. The cost of ETR was 1.400 euros, the cost of ureterocistoneostomy 4.822 euros and of the chemoprophylaxis 4.158,7 euros per year. CONCLUSIONS: From our experience, ETR is a method as safe as surgery and with less morbility. It is, furthermore, much more predictable than chemoprophylaxis and implies lower economical, biological and social costs than those other methods. In case of failure, ETR does not prevent any other kind of treatment. We regard ETR as a first order therapeutic gesture when dealing with PVUR.

Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicorrenal primario en la infancia. Revisión de 989 casos tratados en el Servicio Asistencial de Urología Pediátrica de la Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia en un periodo de 9 años / Endoscopic treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in childhood. Review of 989 cases in a 9 years old

Objetivo: El reflujo vesicoureteral primario (RVUP) es la uropatíamas frecuente en la infancia y afecta entre el 1 y el 3% de los recién nacidos. Es responsable de episodios de pielonefritis aguda (PNA) que pueden producir daño renal además de consultas e ingresos hospitalarios que generan altos costes económicos y sociales. En la actualidad, el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo (TER) parece ser la opción más adecuada, de entrada, por su menor coste biológico y resultados. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es comunicar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento endoscópico del RVUP en un hospital de referencia en la Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia entre los años 1.998y 2007.Pacientes y métodos: Presentamos un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de 989 pacientes (1.498 uréteres) afectados de RVUP tratados mediante TER. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a quimioprofilaxis desde el diagnóstico. El TER se realizó de forma ambulatoria y bajo sedación anestésica con Sevofluorano. Hemos empleado Deflux®,Macroplástico® y Coaptite®. La quimioprofilaxis se suspendió después de comprobar mediante cistografía, a partir del mes del TER, la desaparición radiológica del reflujo. Evaluamos nuestros resultados en función de la edad, estadio, número de inyecciones y material utilizado, así como los costes de la quimioprofilaxis y la ureterocistoneostomía en comparación al TER y las complicaciones del mismo. Resultados: Hemos sometido a TER a 1.498 unidades ureterales correspondientes a 989 pacientes (51,2% varones) con edades comprendidas entre los 4 meses y los 21 años de edad. La edad media fue desde 4 años. El estadio III de reflujo fue el más numeroso con 801 uréteres afectados. Se empleó Deflux® en 777 pacientes. Macroplástico® en 203 y Coaptite® en 9. No tuvimos complicaciones en el postoperatorio inmediato y la estancia media no superó las dos horas. A las 48horas 7 pacientes ingresaron por PNA. Cuatro pacientes han presentado litiasis tardía que en 2 casos han necesitado litotomía. El 89,8 de los pacientes curaron al primer TER. El 11,2% necesitó un segundo TER, con un 2,12% de fracasos (21 pacientes) . Seis curaron a la tercera inyección y 2 necesitaron un cuarto TER. Trece niños fueron sometidos aureterocistoneostomía. La curación radiológica en relación al grado de RVUP no presentó diferencias significativas. Los fallos en función del material empleado fueron del 9% para Deflux®, 11,8% para Macroplástico® y 66,6% para Coaptite®. El coste del TER fue de 1.400 euros. De la ureterocistoneostomía 4.822 euros y de la quimioprofilaxis 4.158,7euros/año. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia el TER es un procedimiento tan seguro como la cirugía y con menos morbilidad que ésta. Es, además mucho más predecible que la quimioprofilaxis y conlleva menores costes económicos, biológicos y sociales que estos dos y, en caso de fallo, no impide ningún otro tipo de tratamiento, por lo que lo consideramos un gesto terapéutico de primer orden en el manejo del RVUP (AU)

Purpose. The primary vesicoureteral reflux (PVUR) is the most common urologic pathology during childhood and affects from 1 to 3%of new born . It causes acute pyelonephritis (APN) and renal damage in addition to hospital visits with high economic and social costs. Nowadays the endoscopic treatment (ETR) seems to be the most suitable one for the reflux, due to its lower biological cost and its good results. We report our experience in the endoscopic treatment of the primary vesicoureteralreflux (ETR) in Murcia Pediatric Hospital from 1998 to 2007.Patients and methods. We present a retrospective study describing989 patients (1498 ureters) treated by means of ETR. All patients were treated with chemoprophylaxis since the moment of the diagnosis. ETR was fulfilled by the surgeon in an ambulatory way and with Sevofluorano. Deflux®, Macroplastique® and Coaptite® were used. Age, stade, number of ETR, material, chemoprophylaxis, ureterocistoneostomy and ETR costs were evaluated. Results: One-thousand four-hundred and ninty-eight ureteral units, corresponding to 989 patients, (51,2% males), at ages from 4 months to 21 years old, have been treated by means of ETR. The average age was 4 years old. Grade III reflux was the most common of all, with 801 ureters affected. Deflux® was used in 777patients, Macroplastique® in 203 and Coaptite® in 9. No problems in early post-operation happened and the average length was shorter than2 hours. Forty-eight hours after, 7 patients had to be treated due to APN. Four patients showed late litiasis related to ETR. Two suffered litotomy. The 89.9% of the patients were cured at first ETR. The 11.2% needed a second ETR, with 2.12% of failure (21 patients). Six cured with the third injection and 2 needed a fourth ETR. Thirteen children were treated with ureterocistoneostomy. Radiological correction have not relation with PVUR level and does not show significant differences. Failure regarding the used material was around 9% for Deflux®, 11.8%for Macroplastique® and 66.6% for Coaptite®. The cost of ETR was1.400 euros, the cost of ureterocistoneostomy 4.822 euros and of the chemoprophylaxis 4.158,7 euros per year. Conclusions: From our experience, ETR is a method as safe as surgery and with less morbility. It is, furthermore, much more predictable than chemoprophylaxis and implies lower economical, biological and social costs than those other methods. In case of failure, ETR does not prevent any other kind of treatment. We regard ETR as a first order therapeutic gesture when dealing with PVUR (AU)

[Total tubular colonic duplication in a neonate with rectal bleeding: value of the endoscopy in the diagnose and treatment]. / Duplicación cólica tubular total en un neonato con sangrado rectal: valor de la endoscopia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Gastrointestinal duplication is an infrequent congenital abnormality. Colonic and tubular duplications are the least common. In neonates there are few described cases. It's difficult to identify the duplication preoperatively and a standard surgical approach has not been developped. We report a neonate with bleeding of the digestive tube who presented a colonic duplication who required multiple diagnostic test before the diagnosis was made for colonoscopy. Laparotomy showed a total tubular duplication of the right, transverse and left colon with proximal and distal communication. Exclusion of the duplicated segment was performed, but three months after the operation, subocclusion due to stenosis of the colonic distal loop was developed. This finding was confirmed by a second colonoscopy and septum was partially removed. The study implies that CD, though uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of rectal bleeding and the importance of the colonoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of this malformation.