ABSTRACT
In recent decades, forensic science evidence has come to play an increasingly significant role in criminal proceedings. However, the ability of non-scientists (lay-persons, including lawyers and judges) within criminal justice systems to recognise and resolve issues of validity and reliability relating to expert opinion evidence has not maintained pace with the need to do so. Despite international scrutiny from scientists, statisticians, governments and those involved in law reform, the parameters of a) different forensic disciplines and b) some case specific interpretations, remain elusive to some legal practitioners and judges. It is therefore essential that within the context of national, and increasingly international and transnational criminal investigations, forensic science experts convey the evidential value of the scientific findings in a manner that is understandable to, and useable by all. To assist, this paper first identifies the organisational structures necessary to scaffold and support the delivery of reliable expert opinion evidence. This is followed by a format for transparently reporting the reasoning and the scientific validity underpinning the expert's evidence within their report: a tripartite Scientific Validity Framework. This framework is comprised of (i) foundational validity, (ii) applied validity and (iii) the new concept of evaluative validity. Such a framework, because of its underlying scientific principles, is applicable to expert reports in any jurisdiction and is complementary to different national approaches. That is because utilising this framework could ensure that experts can, and do, demonstrate that their case-specific opinion is reliable and alert the legal profession to the expert's reasoning process and any limitations in the scientific validity underpinning the opinion.
ABSTRACT
A new reaction mechanism of violent reseparation of a heavy nucleus-nucleus system, 197Au + 197Au, into three or four massive fragments in collisions at 15 MeV/nucleon has been observed. After reseparation, the fragments are almost exactly aligned, thus showing a very short time scale of the reseparation process, of about 70-80 fm/c.
ABSTRACT
The different analogues of ebselen-unsubstituted benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (2a) 2-pyridylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones (2b-h) and 7-azabenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-ones (3a-j) were designed as new selenium-containing antiviral and antimicrobial agents and synthesized. Some of them were found in the antiviral assay in vitro to be strong inhibitors of cythopatic activity of herpes simplex virus type 1--HSV-1 (compounds 2a,b,f,h, 3a-j) and encephalomyocarditis virus--EMCV (compounds 2a,h, 3a-f,k,l). The compounds 2a,h and 3a-e,j were found to have an appreciable activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus) in vitro, some of them inhibited growth of pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans) (3a,b) and filamentous fungi (3a-e,f).
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Azoles/chemical synthesis , Azoles/pharmacology , Organoselenium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Aza Compounds/chemical synthesis , Aza Compounds/pharmacology , Candida albicans/drug effects , Cell Line , Encephalomyocarditis virus/drug effects , Encephalomyocarditis virus/pathogenicity , Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity , Humans , Isoindoles , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/drug effects , Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Bacteriophages (phages) as bacterial viruses are generally believed to have no intrinsic tropism for mammalian cells. In this study the interactions between phages and various eukaryotic cells were investigated. Binding of phages to the membranes of cancer and normal blood cells was observed. Moreover, it was shown that the wild-type phage T4 (wtT4) and its substrain HAP1 with enhanced affinity for melanoma cells inhibit markedly and significantly experimental lung metastasis of murine B16 melanoma cells by 47% and 80%, respectively. A possible molecular mechanism of these effects, namely a specific interaction between the Lys-Gly-Asp motif of the phage protein 24 and beta3-integrin receptors on target cells is proposed. It was also shown that anti-beta3 antibodies and synthetic peptides mimicking natural beta3 ligands inhibit the phage binding to cancer cells. This is in line with the well-described beta3 integrin-dependent mechanism of tumor metastasis. It is concluded that the blocking of beta3 integrins by phage preparations results in a significant decrease in tumor invasiveness.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophage T4/physiology , Integrin beta3/physiology , Melanoma, Experimental/therapy , Signal Transduction , Animals , Humans , Melanoma, Experimental/pathology , Melanoma, Experimental/secondary , MiceABSTRACT
The different dialkyl and diaryl diselenides with carbamoyl and sulfamoyl moieties 2, 3, 5 and other substituents in the ortho position of benzene ring 4, 7, 8 as well as derivatives of 1,2,4-benzoselenadiazine (6) were designed as antiviral and antimicrobial agents and synthesized. Some of them, particularly 8a and 8b, were found in the antiviral assay in vitro to be strong inhibitors of cytopathic activity encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The compound 4a and 8a were found to have a broad spectrum of acivity against bacteria, yeasts and pathogenic fungi in vitro.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Organoselenium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacologySubject(s)
Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use , Colonic Neoplasms/therapy , Interleukin-2/therapeutic use , Animals , Cancer Vaccines/genetics , Cancer Vaccines/immunology , Colonic Neoplasms/immunology , Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , In Vitro Techniques , Interferons/metabolism , Interleukin-2/genetics , Interleukin-2/metabolism , Lymph Nodes/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation , Mice , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Transfection , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
In acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), persisting high levels of interferon (IFN) are detectable in plasma. The IFN has been identified as an unusual human acid-labile IFN-alpha (al-IFN-alpha). Its properties are similar to that of the known alpha interferons except sensitivity to acid treatment (pH 2) which is characteristic for IFN-gamma. The nature of al-IFN-alpha is not known. Four hypotheses have been presented that suggested that: a) al-IFN-alpha may be a product of a distinct IFN gene; b) or a posttranscriptionally modified IFN-alpha molecule; c) the phenomenon of al-IFN-alpha may be an effect of synergistic action of a mixture of acid-stable IFN-alpha and acid-labile IFN-gamma; d) or the effect may be a result of an interaction of acid-stable IFN-alpha with an unknown factor(s) present in plasma and associated with progression of HIV infection or autoimmune diseases. Neither of the hypotheses have been experimentally proven. To verify the most probable hypothesis of the synergistic interactions between the acid stable and labile IFNs, the experiments with the artificial mixtures of nHuIFN-alpha and rHuIFN-gamma were performed. The synergistic effect was abolished by the treatment either with pH 2 or with anti-IFN-gamma antibodies. The residual activity was similar in both cases and corresponded to acid-stable IFN-alpha. However, al-IFN-gamma (AIDS serum with high IFN level) was found to be much more sensitive to acid treatment and only negligible effect of anti-IFN-gamma serum was observed. It suggests that the synergistic effect may be only slightly responsible for the phenomenon of acid lability of IFN-alpha. For explanation of the occurrence of al-IFN-alpha the hypothesis of existence of a factor(s) interacting with IFN-alpha should be taken into consideration.
Subject(s)
Interferon-alpha/chemistry , Interferon-alpha/physiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , Animals , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Interferon-alpha/blood , Interferon-alpha/genetics , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/bloodABSTRACT
In the advanced stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection the defective interferon (IFN) responses have been observed. Persisting high lebels of the acid-labile interferons (al-IFNs) have been found in sera of the patients with AIDS. The combined antiretroviral therapy, that included the reverse transcriptase and viral protease inhibitors, resulted in a significant improvement of the clinical state of the majority of HIV-infected patients. In this report we describe the levels of IFNs in 41 HIV patients subjected to the combined treatment. High IFN levels (median 84, up to 576 U/ml) were found in sera of patients classified as the stage C2 or C3 of AIDS before the treatment. The combined therapy resulted in the decrease of IFN levels (median 7.5, up to 24 U/ml) that approached the levels of IFNs detected in the HIV+, A1-A3 stage patients (median 4, up to 36 U/ml). In contrast, the unsuccessful therapy connected with the worsening of the clinical state and the decrease of CD4+ cell count had no effect on the IFNs levels (median 48, up to 96 U/ml). Thus, the measurements of IFN activity in sera may be useful for monitoring the effects of the antiretroviral combined therapy. In sera of the AIDS patients, subjected to the antiviral bioassays, the mixture of the acid-labile and acid-stable form of IFN-alpha, with the prevailing al-IFN-alpha, have been detected.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Interferon-alpha/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Selenium deficiency occurs in many regions of the world including Poland. It leads to human body dysfunctions and diseases among which Keshan disease is the most known. Biologically active selenium is usually incorporated into proteins as selenocysteine, which is the most useful in nutritional supplementation. Selenium addition is important since many viruses are more pathogenic when deficiency of this element occurs.
Subject(s)
Selenium/deficiency , Selenium/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Humans , Viruses/metabolism , Viruses/pathogenicityABSTRACT
We have tentatively identified colostrinines as novel cytokines produced by the mammary gland after delivery and detectable in colostrum. The primary colostrinine, the proline-rich polypeptide, was isolated from ovine colostrum in 1974. It is generally understood that the various factors present in colostrum play a pivotal role in transmitting of passive or active immunity from mother to child. We have found previously that both ovine and human colostrinines are inducers of interferon (IFN) gamma and other cytokines. In this paper, we reported that the leukocytes isolated from human colostrum donated by healthy mothers at 1-9 days after delivery, produced IFNs and tumor necrosis factors (TFNs) spontaneously. The release of IFNs and TNFs coincided with production of a colostrinine that has been isolated from the human colostrum samples and partially characterized. Our results suggest that the maximum production of colostrinine occurs 3 days after delivery. The tolerance (hyporeactivity) of the colostral leukocytes to IFN inducers and the modulation of the TNF response may be the late effects of the colostrinine release.
Subject(s)
Breast/metabolism , Colostrum/metabolism , Interferons/metabolism , Leukocytes/metabolism , Peptide Biosynthesis , Postpartum Period/immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Breast/cytology , Colostrum/cytology , Female , Humans , Immune Tolerance/drug effects , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Interferon Inducers/immunology , Interferons/biosynthesis , Peptides/isolation & purification , Postpartum Period/metabolism , Time Factors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Impairment of interferon (IFN) system in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) became a basis for searching IFN responses to monitor the disease progression. For detailed investigations 16 HIV+/AIDS patients with at least 4 successively taken blood samples available for IFN determinations were selected. IFN responses were tested in two ways. Firstly, IFN level in plasma was measured. Secondly, capacity of IFN production by leukocytes was evaluated. The latter was determined in the whole blood assay, in which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were used as IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma inducers, respectively. The levels of IFN induced in whole blood leukocytes varied considerably in all individuals that had been tested. Nevertheless, two patterns of IFN responses were observed. In pattern I, patients had low levels of IFN in plasma and high levels of induced IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. It was characteristic for 8 patients in good clinical condition. On the contrary, severe disease found in 2 patients was correlated with high levels of IFN in plasma and low levels of induced IFNs (pattern II). In 6 patients IFN responses were classified as intermediate pattern I/II suggesting transition from pattern I to pattern II. A variation of pattern I was found in the case of a patient defined as long-term survivor having relatively low levels of all IFN tested. The results suggested that interferon measurements reflected clinical condition of HIV+ patients showing not only past but also current immune changes.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , HIV Seropositivity/blood , Interferon-alpha/blood , Interferon-gamma/blood , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cells, Cultured , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Interferon Inducers/pharmacology , Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis , Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/metabolism , Male , Newcastle disease virus/physiology , Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Our studies on the seleno-organic compounds were focused at their activities as the modest cytokine inducers in human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. Our bioassays used in the screening methods were based on the quantitative determinations of mainly two types of cytokines: interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs). More recently we have found that several of the compounds have direct immunotropic actions in vitro and in vivo, in mice and in chickens. The paper summarizes the data related to the cytokine-inducing activity of 65 seleno-organic compounds divided into 4 groups according to their chemical structures. The reference compound was ebselen, the well known experimental drug with various biological activities. Approximately 50% of the compounds were found to be active in our bioassays. The selected compounds induced also IL-6 and GM-CSF. Their activities were clearly correlated with defined chemical structures as well as with the presence of selenium. We suggest that some of the selected by us compounds, other than ebselen, are interesting as immunostimulants and potential antiviral agents and cytokine inducers active in humans.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Azoles/pharmacology , Biological Assay , Interferons/biosynthesis , Isoindoles , Leukocytes/drug effects , Organoselenium Compounds/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
The cytokine system is affected by human immunodeficiency virus. The virus stimulates or inhibits the production of various cytokines. On the other hand, many cytokines may interfere with HIV replication. Interferons (mainly alpha- and beta-type) inhibit and tumor necrosis factors stimulate the virus replication in vitro. However, in vivo in HIV-infected patients it appears that IFN but not TNF is reliable progression marker of AIDS.
Subject(s)
Cytokines/physiology , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Humans , Interferons/analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysisABSTRACT
The spontaneous and induced interferon (IFN) production in whole blood cultures was examined in 45 psychiatric inpatients and in 65 normal controls. Among inpatients there were 32 who were chronic schizophrenics (14 women, 18 men) and 13 who were severely depressed (11 women, 2 men). The analysis of the pooled results of assays in the heterogeneous population showed that leukocytes of the psychiatric patients produced significantly lower levels of IFN after stimulation with virus (NDV), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and IFN spontaneously released without the inducers that control cells. In contrast, there was no difference between the psychiatric patients and controls in IFN response to phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate (PHA + PMA). The results apparently confirmed observations made by Moises et al (1985) and Katila et al (1989). We have also tested our hypothesis that the statistics may mask the individual pattern of IFN response related to the specific psychiatric diagnosis, however. In fact, in the group of chronic schizophrenics we have found either high or low responders to all IFN inducers (NDV, PHA + PMA and LPS). Furthermore, the patients with high IFN response had dominant positive symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior and thought disorder). Whereas, in the patients with low IFN response the negative symptoms prevailed (asociality or withdrawal, flat affect, attention impairment, abolition or apathy). In plasma samples of schizophrenics, factors were detected that transferred a hypersensitivity to the IFN inducers to normal donor leukocytes. For instance, in leukocytes cultured in the presence of plasma from schizophrenics, there were 71% of high IFN responders after stimulation with NDV, versus 26% of high IFN responders in the presence of plasma from normal controls. We suggest that the factors may belong to the class of opioid peptides, which interact with the production of cytokines including IFNs.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/blood , Interferons/blood , Leukocytes/metabolism , Schizophrenia/blood , Adult , Aged , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use , Butyrophenones/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Electroconvulsive Therapy , Female , Humans , Interferon Inducers/immunology , Interferons/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Phenothiazines/therapeutic use , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
The blood samples taken from 31 HIV+ and AIDS patients were used to study interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) responses. The IFN and TNF levels in plasma were determined. In the whole blood assay (whole blood diluted 1:10 with culture medium) Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were used as cytokine inducers. Blood leukocytes of HIV+ patients produced significantly less IFN-alpha after NDV stimulation than the cells of healthy (HIV-) individuals. On the other hand, the production of IFN-gamma in response to PHA was impaired only in AIDS patients with stage CDC IV and CD4+ cell number < 200/microliters. These patients had also increased IFN levels in plasma. Particularly, the high level of IFN in plasma was frequently detected in patients with progressing AIDS with CD4+ cell number < 50/microliters. This type of IFN was identified as a mixture of acid-labile and acid-stable IFN-alpha. The IFN responses of HIV+ patients may be considered as markers for monitoring progression of AIDS and therapy.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , HIV Infections/blood , Interferons/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Disease Progression , Female , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Interferon Inducers/pharmacology , Interferons/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/metabolism , Leukocytes/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Newcastle disease virus , Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology , Reference Values , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Tolpa Torf Preparation (TTP) is a natural immunomodulating drug registered in Poland for use in humans. TTP is a biologically active low molecular weight fraction of an extract from peat containing organic substances, primary bound sugars, amino-acids, uronic and huminic acids and mineral salts. The toxicity of TTP is remarkably low, eg. cytotoxicity (CD50) for human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) is 1-9 mg/ml. We have discovered that TTP is an interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inducer in human PBL. The IFN and TNF response of the PBL cultures was dose dependent. The optimal concentration of TTP for IFN or TNF response was 10-100 micrograms/ml. The cytokines stimulated by TTP were IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha. Ten commercial batches of TTP have been found to be active as cytokines inducers although variations in their activities were observed. On the other hand, 8 batches of TTP rejected by the producer because of the inadequate immunostimulating activity determined in mice, were found to be significantly less active than the commercial preparations. Over 115 buffy coats from the individual blood donors were used to prepare PBL cultures for this study. Approximately 20% of the PBL cultures were unresponsive to TTP. The IFN and TNF response of PBL to other inducers: phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) also varied. Whereas only 7% of PBL could not be stimulated by PHA, as much as 20-50% of PBL failed to produce IFN or TNF when treated with LPS. We suggest that TTP may have clinically useful activities connected with the capacity of stimulation of IFNs and TNF production.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Amino Acids/pharmacology , Carbohydrates/pharmacology , Humic Substances/pharmacology , Interferon Inducers/pharmacology , Interferons/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/immunology , Soil/analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis , Uronic Acids/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Drug Combinations , HumansABSTRACT
Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles. They are probably devoid of nucleic acid. Prion protein (PrP) is encoded by the normal cellular gene. Pathological isoform of prion protein has different conformation than the normal PrP protein. The exact nature of the posttranslational modification of prion protein is unknown. This modification may be caused by infection with prions (infectious disease) or occurs spontaneously (sporadic disease). Some mutations in PrP gene results in the production of pathological protein (familial disease).
Subject(s)
Prion Diseases/etiology , Prions , Animals , Humans , Prions/chemistry , Prions/geneticsABSTRACT
The seleno-organic compounds are highly active in several anti-inflammatory assays performed in mice and rats. However, they differ from the classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including indomethacin despite the fact that both types of drugs are inhibitors of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Furthermore, ebselen and analogs are potent anti-oxidants in many animal cell cultures. The toxicity of the drugs is low because selenium in their structure is not bioavailable. We have discovered that the seleno-organic compounds induce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IFN-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and other cytokines in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Furthermore, the action of the drugs and PHA or Con A was synergistic. However, ebselen and analogs were found to be inactive as the cytokine inducers in cultured rat or mouse lymphoid cells. In contrast to their effects in human PBL, the drugs even inhibited the production of IFN-gamma after stimulation with PHA or Con A. The inhibition was dose dependent. We suggest that the induction of IFN by ebselen and analogs is species specific and it may depend on interaction of the drugs with a specific receptor and/or signal-transducing system present in human but not in some animal cells.
Subject(s)
Interferon Inducers/pharmacology , Interferons/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Mice/immunology , Organoselenium Compounds/pharmacology , Rats/immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis , Animals , Azoles/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Drug Synergism , Humans , Isoindoles , Leukocytes/immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology , Mitogens , Molecular Structure , Rats, Wistar/immunology , Species Specificity , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Ebselen is known as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant selenium containing drug. We have synthetized 13 seleno-organic compounds, analogs of ebselen. Seven of them were found to be inducers of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) cultures. The most active cytokine inducers were: 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (1, ebselen), bis [2-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)]phenyl diselenide (7) and bis (2-[N-(2-pyridyl)carbamoyl])phenyl diselenide (8). The amounts of IFN and TNF produced by PBL cultures in response to the seleno-organic compounds were found to be similar to that induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The activities of the seleno-organic compounds were dose-dependent and related to the chemical structure of the drugs suggesting involvement of the specific cytokine-inducer receptor. The simultaneous inductions of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were highly correlated, but independent on each other.