Terapia de estrógenos vaginales y riesgo de recurrencia en mujeres con antecedente de cáncer de mama

El cáncer de mama sigue siendo la neoplasia maligna más frecuente y una de las mortales en mujeres, considerándose un importante objetivo de la salud global y prioridad en salud pública. Con el uso de terapias innovadoras, ha mejorado la supervivencia, apareciendo condiciones asociadas, como el síndrome genitourinario menopaúsico. La terapia hormonal, se utiliza para el manejo de esta condición, mejorando sustancialmente la sintomatología, e incluso, siendo en algunos casos la única solución. La más utilizada, es la terapia de estrógenos vaginales. Sin embargo, se ha descrito un posible riesgo de recurrencia de cáncer de mama con su uso. En habla hispana, no existe evidencia que haya discutido este tópico. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases PubMed, ScienceDirect y MEDLINE, utilizando los términos "Terapia de estrógenos vaginales", "Recurrencia" y "Cáncer de mama". Se encontró, que, de forma global, la terapia de estrógenos vaginales es una opción terapéutica eficaz y segura en el manejo del síndrome genitourinario menopaúsico en mujeres con antecedente de cáncer de mama, sin incrementar el riesgo de recurrencia, a excepción de aquellas tratadas con inhibidores de la aromatasa, en quienes se recomienda el uso de otras terapias para evitar acarrear este riesgo.

Breast cancer remains the most common malignant neoplasm and one of the leading causes of mortality in women, making it a significant target for global health efforts and a public health priority. Through the use of innovative therapies, survival rates have improved, leading to the emergence of associated conditions such as genitourinary menopausal syndrome. Hormonal therapy is employed for managing this condition, significantly alleviating its symptoms and, in some cases, serving as the sole solution. The most commonly utilized approach is vaginal estrogen therapy. Nevertheless, there have been reports of a potential risk of breast cancer recurrence associated with its use. In the Spanish-speaking context, there is limited evidence discussing this topic. A search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases, using the terms "Vaginal Estrogen Therapy", "Recurrence" and "Breast Cancer." It was determined that, on a global scale, vaginal estrogen therapy is an effective and safe therapeutic option for managing genitourinary menopausal syndrome in women with a history of breast cancer. This therapy does not appear to increase the risk of recurrence, with the exception of those undergoing treatment with aromatase inhibitors. For these individuals, alternative therapies are recommended to mitigate this potential risk.

Postoperative outcomes using Lichtenstein open hernioplasty versus Nyhus preperitoneal hernioplasty in inguinal hernia: A comparative analysis with 1-year follow-up.

Background and Aim: Inguinal hernia is the most common defect of the abdominal wall in 75% and their treatment consists of surgical repair. The technique of choice is laparoscopic because of its overall benefits. However, when this is not available, open approaches may be a viable option. Currently, the most commonly used open techniques are Lichtenstein and Nyhus. However, there are few medium- or long-term studies that have compared outcomes between these two techniques. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study that included patients undergoing open inguinal hernia correction with mesh, using Lichtenstein open hernioplasty versus Nyhus preperitoneal hernioplasty, in two tertiary referral centers in Bogota, Colombia, during a period of 2 years. A bivariate analysis was performed to compare groups, according to the complications presented between the two techniques. Results: A total of 193 patients were included, of whom 53.36% were men and 112 (58.03%) were approached with the Nyhus technique versus 81 patients with the Lichtenstein technique. Nonabsorbable suture fixation was performed in 100% of patients. Among the main complications, seroma (5.18%), pain (4.14%), bleeding (2.07%), recurrence (10.88%), and reoperation (0.51%) were observed, of which only recurrence showed a statistically significant difference, which is lower in the Nyhus approach (3.57% vs. 20.67%; p < 0.001). No patients died. Conclusions: Both Nyhus and Lichtenstein hernioplasty techniques were shown to cause a low incidence of postoperative complications, with significantly lower recurrence using the Nyhus technique up to 1 year postoperatively.

Knowledge, attitudes and experience of physicians working in Chile toward the prescription of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): A cross-national survey.

BACKGROUND: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves administering antiretroviral drugs to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in at-risk subjects. Chile is considered one of the countries with the highest number of new cases per year of HIV infections. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Chile. A questionnaire of physicians' attitudes toward the prescription of PrEP was used. RESULTS: 632 doctors responded correctly the survey. 58.5% (n = 370) were women, and median age was 34 years (IQR 25-43). 55.4% (n = 350) responded that they have never prescribed antiretrovirals for HIV-negative individuals to prevent HIV infection, and only 10.1% have prescribed PrEP. 60.8% (n = 384) mentioned having informed about the possibility of using antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis in case of risky sexual activity. 76.3% (n = 482) believed each institution should formulate internal protocols for administering these drugs, and 98.4% (n = 622) stated that with the currently available evidence, PrEP should be suggested to cope with the HIV pandemic. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that knowledge, attitudes and experience toward PrEP prescribing are variable and related to patient care. However, Chile has a marked tendency in favor of this therapy, which is similar to that reported in studies worldwide.

Prevalencia de sarcopenia en adultos mayores de dos hogares geriátricos de Pereira, Colombia Prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults in t / Prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults in two retirement homes in Pereira, Colombia

Introducción: La sarcopenia es un factor de riesgo para morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad en adultos mayores, por lo que su manejo es prioridad en geriatría. El objetivo de este artículo, consiste en caracterizar una población de adultos mayores de dos hogares geriátricos y establecer la prevalencia de sarcopenia y el grado de dependencia. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal desarrollado en la ciudad de Pereira-Colombia. Se incluyó a una población de 72 adultos desde los 65 hasta los 98 años, usando muestreo probabilístico. Se determinó la sarcopenia por medio de los Criterios del Consenso Europeo sobre Definición y Diagnóstico de Sarcopenia; evaluándose la fuerza de prensión, índice de masa muscular esquelética, en caso de presentarse sarcopenia, la severidad de esta junto a la velocidad de marcha, y el grado de dependencia según la escala de Barthel. Resultados: Participaron finalmente 57 personas. El 68,4% (n=39) eran mujeres. La mediana de la edad fue de 83 años. El 2% no presentó sarcopenia, 9% presentaban sospecha de sarcopenia, 28% tenían sarcopenia confirmada y 61% sarcopenia grave. Según la escala de Barthel, el 31,5% eran independientes, 45,6% tenían dependencia leve, 15,8% moderada, 5,3% severa y 1,8% total. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de sarcopenia en los hogares geriátricos de Pereira es mayor en comparación a la reportada en la literatura. Del mismo modo, encontrarse en un hogar geriátrico privado no garantiza una mejor condición física y/o calidad de vida.

Introduction: Is a risk factor for morbidity, mortality and disability in older adults, so its management is a priority in geriatrics. The aim of this article is to characterize a population of older adults from two geriatric homes and to establish the prevalence of sarcopenia and the degree of dependence. Methods: Cross-sectional study developed in the city of Pereira-Colombia. A population of 72 adults from 65 to 98 years of age was included, using probability sampling. Sarcopenia was determined by means of the Criteria of the European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia, evaluating grip strength, skeletal muscle mass index, in case of sarcopenia, the severity of sarcopenia together with walking speed, and the degree of dependence according to the Barthel scale. Results: 57 people participated. A total of 68.4% (n=39) were women. The median age was 83 years. Two percent had no sarcopenia, 9% had suspected sarcopenia, 28% had confirmed sarcopenia and 61% had severe sarcopenia. According to the Barthel scale, 31.5% were independent, 45.6% had mild, 15.8% moderate, 5.3% severe and 1.8% total dependence. Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing homes in Pereira is higher compared to that reported in the literature. Similarly, being in a private nursing home does not guarantee a better physical condition and/or quality of life

Unusual presentation Achenbach syndrome.

Achenbach syndrome is a condition of unknown etiology, characterized by changes in the coloration of the skin of the fingers and associated with acute pain. There are few epidemiological data, but it is estimated that it is a rare condition, which exceptionally appears under 40 years of age. We present the case of a young woman who has been diagnosed with Achenbach syndrome thanks to her history and after ruling out rheumatic, vascular, and metabolic pathology. We finalize by discussing data on the pathology and the differences found with the case we describe here.

El síndrome de Achenbach es una condición de etiología desconocida, caracterizado por cambios en la coloración de la piel de los dedos y asociado a dolor agudo. Existen pocos datos epidemiológicos, pero se estima que es una condición rara, que excepcionalmente aparece por debajo de los 40 años de edad. Presentamos el caso de una mujer joven a quien se dio el diagnóstico de síndrome de Achenbach por sus antecedentes y después de descartar patología reumática, vascular y metabólica. Comentamos datos sobre la patología y las diferencias que se encuentran con el caso que describimos.

[¿Conflictos de intereses ocultos en publicaciones científicas en tiempos de COVID-19?]

Hemos leído con sumo interés el artículo publicado por Diéguez-Campa, et al.1, titulado The 2020 research pandemic: a bibliometric analysis of publications on COVID-19 and their scientific impact during the first months, en el que los autores hacen un excelente e innovador análisis bibliométrico sobre la publicación científica médica en los primeros meses de desarrollo de la pandemia de COVID-19.

Achenbach's syndrome: a rare condition.

Achenbach's syndrome corresponds to a pathology characterized by the appearance of ecchymoses and bruises on the fingers of the hands and eventually on the feet. It is a benign and self-limited disease, which is accompanied by pain. It generates great concern because its sudden appearance leads women who are the most affected to consult the emergency services. At present, its pathophysiology is unknown and requires knowledge of the disease to diagnose it. It is a must for poorly trained professionals.

Validación de los criterios predictivos de alto riesgo para coledocolitiasis de la Sociedad Americana de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, 2010: Experiencia de un centro del caribe colombiano / Validation of the predictive criteria of high risk for choledocholithiasis of the american society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2010: experience of a Colombian Caribbean Center

Introducción: La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) se ha convertido en el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis. La Sociedad Americana de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal (ASGE) propuso en 2010 estratificar a los pacientes en 3 niveles de riesgo; sin embargo, los estudios han encontrado resultados controvertidos sobre los parámetros predictivos de estos criterios diagnósticos. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en determinar el desempeño de los criterios predictivos de alto riesgo de la ASGE 2010 en el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis en una población del Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con sospecha de coledocolitiasis, y que fueron llevados a evaluación por CPRE, cumpliendo los criterios propuestos por la ASGE de alta probabilidad. El resultado obtenido se comparó con la presencia de coledocolitiasis en la CPRE, a partir de la cual se estimaron los valores y los intervalos de confianza del 95% para la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y negativo, y la razón de probabilidad positiva y negativa. Resultados: En este estudio se incluyeron los datos de 118 pacientes. La edad media de los pacientes era de 46 años (RIQ= 31; 17- 89); el 78% (n= 92) eran mujeres. El 65,3% (n= 77) eran mayores de 55 años. El resultado de la CPRE fue positivo en el 81,4% (n= 96) de los pacientes. La presencia de un perfil hepático alterado (90%) resultó ser la prueba más sensible, la colangitis clínica (86%) la más específica, la presencia de litiasis ductal por US (85%) fue la prueba con mayor valor predictivo positivo, y la presencia de litiasis ductal por US (35%) fue la prueba con mayor valor predictivo negativo. Conclusión: Los parámetros predictivos de los criterios de la ASGE 2010 para el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis muestran variabilidad con respecto al rendimiento propuesto en las guías.

Introduction: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of choledocholithiasis. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) in 2010 proposed stratifying patients into 3 risk levels; however, studies have found controversial results about the predictive parameters of these diagnostic criteria. The objective of this study is to determine the performance of the high-risk predictive criteria of the ASGE 2010 in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in a Colombian Caribbean population. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study, which included patients with suspected choledocholithiasis, and who were taken for evaluation by ERCP, meeting the criteria proposed by the ASGE of high probability. The result obtained was compared with the presence of choledocholithiasis on ERCP, from which values and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratio. Results: A total of 118 patient data were included in this study. The median age of the patients was 46 years (IQR= 31; 17- 89); 78% (n= 92) were female. 65.3% (n= 77) were older than 55 years. The ERCP result was positive in 81.4% (n= 96) of the patients. The presence of an altered liver profile (90%) was found to be the most sensitive test, clinical cholangitis (86%) the most specific, the presence of duct lithiasis by US (85%) was the test with the highest positive predictive value, and the presence of duct lithiasis by US (35%) was the test with the highest negative predictive value. Conclusions: The predictive parameters of the ASGE 2010 criteria for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis show variability with respect to the performance proposed in the guidelines.

Usefulness of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a population with high cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is considered a disease and at the same time a cardiovascular risk factor, mainly involved in ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and kidney failure, causing high mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to follow up with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with high blood pressure belonging to a population with high cardiovascular risk. METHOD: Descriptive, observational, retrospective study, which analyzes 24-hour outpatient pressure controls of 1858 patients, in Cartagena, Colombia. RESULTS: 1173 exams were validated and included in the study. The median age was 66 years. 66.8% (783) were women and 33.2% (390) were men. The main changes occurred during the night, when 79.1% of the patients had high systolic pressure loads, 65.6% recorded diastolic pressure averages and 83.7% had abnormal circadian patterns. Only 11% of the studies were normal in all parameters. CONCLUSIONS: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring proved to be a useful tool to identify uncontrolled hypertensive patients, detect nocturnal hypertension and abnormal circadian patterns, which are risk markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

ANTECEDENTES: La hipertensión arterial es considerada una enfermedad y al mismo tiempo un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, involucrada principalmente en la cardiopatía isquémica, la enfermedad cerebrovascular y la insuficiencia renal, causando una elevada mortalidad. OBJETIVO: Realizar seguimiento con monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial de 24 horas en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pertenecientes a una población con alto riesgo cardiovascular. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron los monitoreos ambulatorios de presión de 24 horas de 1858 pacientes, en Cartagena, Colombia. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1173 registros. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años. El 66.8% (783) fueron mujeres y el 33.2% (390) fueron hombres. Las principales alteraciones ocurrieron durante la noche, cuando el 79.1% de los pacientes tuvieron cargas elevadas de presión sistólica, el 65.6% registraron promedios elevados de presión diastólica y el 83.7% tuvieron patrones circadianos anormales. Solo el 11% de los estudios fueron normales en todos los parámetros. CONCLUSIONES: El monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial de 24 horas demostró ser una herramienta útil para identificar a los pacientes hipertensos no controlados, detectando hipertensión nocturna y patrones circadianos anormales, los cuales son marcadores de riesgo para morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular.

Primary undifferentiated sarcoma of left atrium.

El objetivo es ilustrar al lector sobre un tumor infrecuente en la literatura médica y resumir los conocimientos actuales que se tienen sobre esta patología. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de un varón en la quinta década de la vida, a quien se realizó ecocardiograma transtorácico por deterioro de la clase funcional. La ultrasonografía evidenció un tumor que ocupaba el 95% de la aurícula izquierda, con compromiso hemodinámico e hipertensión pulmonar grave. Luego de estudios de extensión, fue llevado a cirugía para extracción de la masa por esternotomía media. La patología reveló sarcoma de alto grado indiferenciado sin compromiso linfovascular.This text aimed to illustrate the reader about one of the most infrequent tumors in the medical literature and discuss based on current literature what is known to date of this pathology. Case report: We report the case of a male in the fifth decade of life, who underwent transthoracic echocardiography due to impairment of the functional class. Ultrasound showed tumor lesion that occupied 95% of the left atrium, with hemodynamic compromise and severe pulmonary hypertension. After extension studies, he was taken to surgery with total mass extraction by middle stereotomy. The pathology revealed undifferentiated high-grade sarcoma without lymphovascular involvement.

Sarcoma cardíaco metastático a miembros inferiores / Cardiac sarcoma with metastasis to the lower limbs / Sarcoma cardíaco metastático dos membros inferiores

Introducción. Las neoplasias de corazón son patologías infrecuentes con tasas de incidencias en reportes de autopsias menores al 0.02 %. El 75 % de esos tumores son de comportamiento benigno y solo el 25 % restante se considera cáncer. Aunque se presentan en ambos sexos, la relación hombres mujeres es de 2.5:1 respectivamente. Presentación del caso. Reportamos el caso de un paciente de 41 años a quien se diagnosticó con un sarcoma primario de corazón, en atrio izquierdo, con inmunohistoquímica compatible con sarcoma indiferenciado con metástasis a miembros inferiores, que debutó con deterioro de la clase funcional y pérdida de peso involuntaria, lo cual lo llevó a consultar al médico. Discusión. Los sarcomas indiferenciados constituyen una patología poco frecuente en la literatura médica, encontrando solo unos pocos reportes de casos que comparten datos relacionados con el sitio de localización de la lesión y los síntomas clínicos de los pacientes. Sin embargo, aquí se pone de manifiesto un extraño caso de metástasis a miembros inferiores, el cual fue considerado luego de descartar la presencia de un foramen oval permeable o lesiones pulmonares que hicieran pensar en una secuencia de migración tumoral diferente. Conclusiones. Se trata de una patología compleja con pobre pronóstico a largo plazo, la cual requiere mayor investigación y tratamiento multifactorial con equipos multidisciplinarios para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Introduction. Neoplasms of the heart are infrequent pathologies with incidence rates in autopsy reports less than 0.02%. 75 % of these tumors are benign and only the remaining 25 % are considered cancerous. Although they occur in both sexes, the male to female ratio is 2.5: 1 respectively. Case report. We report the case of a 41-year-old patient who was diagnosed with a primary heart sarcoma, in the left atrium, with immunohistochemistry compatible with undifferentiated sarcoma with metastases to the lower limbs, who debuted with impairment of functional class and loss of involuntary weight which led him to consult the doctor. Discussion. Undifferentiated sarcomas constitute a rare pathology in the medical literature, finding only a few cases reports that share data, such as the location of the lesion and the clinical symptoms of the patients. However, this case reveals a strange case of metastasis to lower limbs, which was considered, after ruling out the presence of a patent foramen ovale or lung lesions that suggested a different tumor migration sequence. Conclusions. This is a complex pathology with a poor long-term prognosis that requires more re- search and multifactorial treatment with multidisciplinary teams to improve the quality of life of patients

Introdução. As neoplasias do coração são patologias pouco frequentes, com taxas de incidência em relatórios de autópsia inferiores a 0,02%. 75% desses tumores são benignos e apenas 25% restantes são considerados câncer. Embora ocorram em ambos os sexos, a proporção entre homens e mulheres é de 2,5: 1 respectivamente. Apresentação do caso. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 41 anos de idade com diagnóstico de sarcoma primário do coração, no átrio esquerdo, com imuno-histoquímica compatível com sarcoma indiferenciado com metástase nos membros inferiores, que começou com deterioração da classe funcional e perda involuntária de peso, o que o levou a consultar o médico. Discussão. Os sarcomas indiferenciados constituem uma patologia rara na literatura médica, encontrando apenas alguns relatos de casos que compartilham dados relacionados ao local da localização da lesão e aos sintomas clínicos dos pacientes. No entanto, aqui é revelado um caso estranho de metástase nos membros inferiores, que foi considerado após descartar a presença de forame oval permeável ou lesões pulmonares que sugerem uma sequência de migração tumoral diferente. Conclusões. É uma patologia complexa, com mau prognóstico a longo prazo, que requer mais investigação e tratamento multifatorial com equipes multidisciplinares para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Gossypibomas en neurocirugía / Gossypibomas in neurosurgery

Introducción: El término «gossypiboma» proviene del latín gossypium, que hace referencia a un género de plantas de algodón, y de la palabra kiswahili boma, que se traduce como «lugar de escondite». Puede confundirse con lesiones tumorales o abscesos debido a la forma de encapsulación evidenciada en los exámenes imaginológicos y su clínica variable e inespecífica, situación que genera dificultad para el diagnóstico y una morbilidad importante. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre la presencia de gossypibomas durante la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos en neurocirugía. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión en la cual se incluyó una búsqueda de artículos en inglés y castellano publicados en los últimos 15 años en PubMed, Ebsco Host, Embase, Mediclatina, Cochrane, Lilacs y Scopus, entre enero y junio de 2019, utilizando las palabras clave «gossypiboma», «textiloma», «neurosurgery» y «neurosurgical procedures». El total de artículos encontrados en la búsqueda fue de 630; sin embargo, tras la selección por título y resumen fueron 22 los artículos de informe de caso que se incluyeron. Se identificó a un total de 36 individuos, de los cuales 21 (58,3%) eran mujeres, y cuya edad media era de 56,1 años. En 20 casos (55,6%) se observaron esponjas quirúrgicas como gossypibomas. Conclusiones: El gossypiboma es una complicación secundaria a procedimientos quirúrgicos, con signos y síntomas bastante inespecíficos. Su tiempo de aparición suele oscilar entre unos cuantos días hasta varios años después de realizada la cirugía y se correlaciona con múltiples implicaciones médicas y legales

Introduction: The term 'gossypiboma' comes from the Latin gossypium, which refers to a genus of cotton plants, and from the Swahili word boma, which translates as ‘place of concealment’. It may be mistaken for tumorous lesions or abscesses due to the way it is encapsulated, as evidenced in imaging examinations, and its variable and non-specific clinical features, which give rise to difficulty in its diagnosis and significant morbidity. Aim: To synthesise the available evidence on the presence of gossypibomas during neurosurgical procedures. Development: A review was performed that included a search for articles in English and Spanish published in the last 15 years in PubMed, Ebsco Host, Embase, Mediclatina, Cochrane, Lilacs and Scopus, between January and June 2019, using the keywords 'gossypiboma', 'textiloma¡, 'neurosurgery' and 'neurosurgical procedures'. In all, a total of 630 articles were found in the search, although, after selecting them by title and abstract, 22 case report articles were included for this review process. Altogether 36 individuals were identified, of whom 21 (58.3%) were women, and whose mean age was 56.1 years. Surgical sponges were observed as gossypibomas in 20 cases (55.6%). Conclusions: Gossypiboma is a complication secondary to surgical procedures that presents fairly unspecific signs and symptoms. The time that elapses before it appears usually ranges from a few days to several years after surgery and is correlated with multiple medical and legal implications