Increased intrinsic stiffness and mineralization in femurs of adult rats after high intensity treadmill running training.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity plays a tremendous role in determining bone mechanical behavior, which is superimposed to gravidity. OBJECTIVE: Compare the geometric and material responses of the rat femur to a high intensity treadmill running training of a relatively short duration, as assessed by 3-point mechanical test. METHODS: Mature male rats (180.0 ± 30 g) were assigned (7 rats/group) to no exercise (NE) or treadmill exercise (EX). After a preconditioning period, the running speed was set at 45 cm.seg-1 during 2 wks, frequency 5 d/wk, 2-hour sessions/day. Body weight and weight of the crural quadriceps were registered at euthanasia. The right femur was mechanically tested through 3-point bending. The left femur was ashed to estimate bone mineral content. Geometric and material bone properties were estimated directly or calculated by appropriate equations. RESULTS: 1) Final body weight was 14% reduced in EX rats, while the crural quadriceps was 47% increased. Yield and fracture loads, and structural stiffness were significantly higher in the EX rats, as were the apparent elastic modulus, the bone mineral content and the degree of mineralization. Geometric properties were not affected. CONCLUSIONS: High intensity treadmill running training increases bone strength and stiffness by increasing material stiffness and mineralization, without affecting geometric bone parameters.

Structural and Material Mechanical Quality of Femoral Shafts in Rats Exposed to Simulated High Altitude from Infancy to Adulthood.

The growth of the body and bone mass and the mechanical properties of appendicular bone are impaired in immature rats exposed to different simulated high altitudes (SHA) (1850-5450 m) between the 32nd and the 74th days of postnatal life. Now, we report the effects of exposure to 4100 m on the above cited variables in female rats from infancy (age: 1 month) to adulthood (age: 8 months) to define the occurrence of catch up and to establish whether the effects of altitude are transient or permanent. The ex vivo right femur was mechanically tested in three-point bending. Body weight and length, and structural (loads at yielding and fracture, and stiffness) and architectural (diaphyseal cross-sectional area, cortical area, and cross-sectional moment of inertia) properties were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of exposure to SHA. The negative influence of hypoxia on all variables was similar at different ages or, in other words, the difference among ages was maintained at any extent of hypoxia. Hypoxia did not affect the elastic modulus, thus suggesting that the mechanical properties of the bone tissue were maintained. Catch up did not occur. The resulting osteopenic bone remained appropriate to its mechanical function during the entire exposure to SHA.

Effect of physical consistency of food on the biomechanical behaviour of the mandible in the growing rat.

This study investigated the effect of a soft diet, given to growing rats, on the biomechanical behaviour of the mandible. Female rats, 30 d of age, received an ordinary diet in the form of pellets (i.e. hard-diet group), and another group of female rats received the same diet, but ground and mixed with water, forming a paste (i.e. soft-diet group). The experiment lasted 8 wk. Body-weight and body-length gains were not affected by the consistency of the diet. No significant differences were found between groups concerning the length, height, and area of the right hemimandible. Mechanical properties of the right hemimandibles were determined using a three-point bending test, in which bones were stressed on a perpendicular line immediately posterior to the posterior face of the third molar. Structural properties (load at yielding, load at fracture, structural stiffness, and elastic energy absorption) and geometric properties of the fracture section (cross-sectional area, cortical area, and moment of inertia) were significantly lower in hemimandibles of rats of the soft-diet group than in those of rats of the hard-diet group. Material properties of the mandibular bone tissue (elastic modulus and maximal elastic stress), which were estimated through appropriate equations, did not differ between groups. It was concluded that the reduced physical consistency of the diet, possibly associated with a reduced masticatory load, diminished the skeletal load-bearing capacity of the mandible in growing rats. This observed reduction in the bone structural behaviour was attributed to changes occurring at the level of bone mass and its geometrical properties because intrinsic properties of the bone material tissue were unaffected.

Mechanical testing at the whole-bone level of the femur in immature rats stunted by cornstarch consumption.

Both body weight and somatic muscle forces are the main "mechanical factors" in the determination of bone strength in the "weight-bearing bones". However, other "non-mechanical factors", such as dietary proteins, also exist, which modulate bone physiology. This study was designed to explore the mechanical behavior of the femur in post-weaning female rats stunted by feeding on cornstarch. Forty female rats aged 30 days were fed freely with one of the two diets: control (CD) and experimental (ED). CD was the standard rat laboratory diet, whereas ED was cornstarch supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Control (C) and experimental (E) animals were divided into 4 groups: C40 and E40 rats were given CD and ED, respectively, for 40 days; C105 were fed the CD for 105 days; and E40-105 were given the ED for 40 days and then the CD for the remaining experimental period (65 days). Growth of rats was assessed following Parks' model. The biomechanical structural properties of the right femur middiaphysis were estimated using a 3-point bending test. The geometric properties of both the entire bone and the cross-section were determined. The left femur was ashed and both the Ca mass and the Ca concentration were determined. Rats fed the ED failed to achieve normal weight gain. Complete catch-up was observed at the end of a 65 day period of nutritional rehabilitation. The femoral weight and length were negatively affected by the ED, as were the mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional area, the mineralized cortical area, and the cross-sectional moment of inertia. All of these parameters showed incomplete catch-up. The structural bone mechanical properties indicative of strength and stiffness were seriously negatively affected. Intrinsic material bone properties, as assessed by the modulus of elasticity and the maximal elastic stress, were within normal values. In summary, the experimental bone was weaker than the control and structurally incompetent. The considered bone was smaller than the control one, showing a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area and the moment of inertia. However, material properties as well as the ash fraction and Ca concentration were similar in E and C bones. Therefore, E bone is weaker than the C one because of its smaller bone mass, which appears to have been negatively influenced by the ED in relation to its effects on overall body mass.

Biomechanical properties of the mid-shaft femur in middle-aged hypophysectomized rats as assessed by bending test.

Both stiffness and strength of bones are thought to be controlled by the "bone mechanostat". Its natural stimuli would be the strains of bone tissue (sensed by osteocytes) that are induced by both gravitational forces (body weight) and contraction of regional muscles. Body weight and muscle mass increase with age. Biomechanical performance of load-bearing bones must adapt to these growth-induced changes. Hypophysectomy in the rat slows the rate of body growth. With time, a great difference in body size is established between a hypophysectomized rat and its age-matched control, which makes it difficult to establish the real effect of pituitary ablation on bone biomechanics. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare mid-shaft femoral mechanical properties between hypophysectomized and weight-matched normal rats, which will show similar sizes and thus will be exposed to similar habitual loads. Two groups of 10 female rats each (H and C) were established. H rats were 12-month-old that had been hypophysectomized 11 months before. C rats were 2.5-month-old normals. Right femur mechanical properties were tested in 3-point bending. Structural (load-bearing capacity and stiffness), geometric (cross-sectional area, cortical sectional area, and moment of inertia), and material (modulus of elasticity and maximum elastic stress) properties were evaluated. The left femur was ashed for calcium content. Comparisons between parameters were performed by the Student's t test. Average body weight, body length, femur weight, femur length, and gastrocnemius weight were not significantly different between H and C rats. Calcium content in ashes was significantly higher in H than in C rats. Cross-sectional area, medullary area, and cross-sectional moment of inertia were higher in C rats, whereas cortical area did not differ between groups. Structural properties (diaphyseal stiffness, elastic limit, and load at fracture) were about four times higher in hypophysectomized rats, as were the bone material stiffness or Young's modulus and the maximal elastic stress (about 7×). The femur obtained from a middle-aged H rat was stronger and stiffer than the femur obtained from a young-adult C rat, both specimens showing similar size and bone mass and almost equal geometric properties. The higher than normal structural properties shown by the hypophysectomized femur were entirely due to changes in the intrinsic properties of the bone; it was thus stronger at the tissue level. The change of the femoral bone tissue was associated with a high mineral content and an unusual high modulus of elasticity and was probably due to a diminished bone and collagen turnover.

Efectos de la concentración y calidad de las proteínas dietarias sobre la calidad ósea de la diáfisis femoral de la rata asociados con el crecimiento / Growth-dependent effects of dietary protein concentration and quality on the biomechanical properties of the diaphyseal rat femur

Objetivos Este estudio compara los efectos sobre las propiedades morfométricas y biomecánicas de la diáfisis femoral de ratas en edad de crecimiento de dos proteínas dietarias, caseína (C) y gluten de trigo (G), que muestran características biológicas diferentes, ofrecidas en concentraciones crecientes en las dietas utilizadas. Material y métodos Ratas hembras fueron alimentadas entre los días 30 y 90 de sus vidas con una de diez dietas que contenían concentraciones diferentes (5-30%) de C y G (Controles = C al 20%). Se estimaron las propiedades biomecánicas estructurales de la parte media de la diáfisis del fémur derecho mediante la prueba mecánica de flexión a tres puntos calculándose, además, algunos indicadores de las propiedades biomecánicas del material óseo. Resultados Los tratamientos afectaron al peso corporal y a la talla, con valores más elevados en aquellas ratas alimentadas con la dieta C al 20%. Las dietas conteniendo G afectaron en forma negativa a ambos parámetros. Los cambios en la geometría de la sección transversal (áreas de la sección transversal de la parte media de la diáfisis y cortical, volumen del fémur y momento rectangular de inercia) mostraron una correlación positiva con la concentración de C en las dietas, mientras que fueron severa y negativamente afectados por la presencia de G en las mismas. Se observaron comportamientos similares en las propiedades estructurales del hueso (carga o resistencia a fractura, punto de cesión, rigidez diafisaria y absorción de energía durante el período elástico). Cuando los valores de rigidez y resistencia diafisarias fueron normalizados por el peso corporal, desaparecieron las diferencias. Los indicadores de la calidad biomecánica del material óseo (módulo de elasticidad, estrés elástico (..) (AU)

Objectives This study compares the effects of feeding growing rats with increasing concentrations of casein (C) and wheat gluten (G), proteins that show different biological qualities, on the morphometrical and biomechanical properties of the femoral diaphysis. Materials and methods Female rats were fed with one of ten diets containing different concentrations (5-30%) of C and G between the 30th and 90th days of life (Control=C-20%). Biomechanical structural properties of the right femur middiaphysis were estimated using a 3-point bending mechanical test with calculation of some indicators of bone material properties. Results Body weight and length were affected by treatments, values being highest in rats fed the C-20% diet. G diets affected negatively both parameters. Changes in cross-sectional geometry (mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional and cortical areas, femoral volume, and rectangular moment of inertia) were positively related to the C content of the diet, while they were severely and negatively affected by G diets. Similar behaviors were observed in the bone structural properties (fracture load, yielding load, diaphyseal stiffness and elastic energy absorption). When values of strength and stiffness were normalized for body weight, the differences disappeared. The bone material quality indicators (elastic modulus, yielding stress, elastic energy absorption/volume) did not differ significantly among all studied groups. Femoral calcium concentration in ashes was not significantly different among groups. Conclusion The clear differences in strength and stiffness of bone beams induced by dietary protein concentration and quality seemed to be the result of an induced subnormal gain in bone structural properties as a consequence of a correlative subnormal gain in bone growth and mass, yet not in bone material properties (AU)

Growth-dependent effects of dietary protein concentration and quality on the biomechanical properties of the diaphyseal rat femur.

OBJECTIVES: This study compares the effects of feeding growing rats with increasing concentrations of casein (C) and wheat gluten (G), proteins that show different biological qualities, on the morphometrical and biomechanical properties of the femoral diaphysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female rats were fed with one of ten diets containing different concentrations (5-30%) of C and G between the 30th and 90th days of life (Control=C-20%). Biomechanical structural properties of the right femur middiaphysis were estimated using a 3-point bending mechanical test with calculation of some indicators of bone material properties. RESULTS: Body weight and length were affected by treatments, values being highest in rats fed the C-20% diet. G diets affected negatively both parameters. Changes in cross-sectional geometry (mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional and cortical areas, femoral volume, and rectangular moment of inertia) were positively related to the C content of the diet, while they were severely and negatively affected by G diets. Similar behaviors were observed in the bone structural properties (fracture load, yielding load, diaphyseal stiffness and elastic energy absorption). When values of strength and stiffness were normalized for body weight, the differences disappeared. The bone material quality indicators (elastic modulus, yielding stress, elastic energy absorption/volume) did not differ significantly among all studied groups. Femoral calcium concentration in ashes was not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSION: The clear differences in strength and stiffness of bone beams induced by dietary protein concentration and quality seemed to be the result of an induced subnormal gain in bone structural properties as a consequence of a correlative subnormal gain in bone growth and mass, yet not in bone material properties.

Principales corrientes filosóficas en bioética / Principal theoretical aspects of philosophy in bioethics

A lo largo de la historia, el hombre ha procurado dar valor y sentido a su vida. A partir de diversas observaciones, el ser humano ha generado una visión filosófica que explica su existencia y la del universo que lo rodea; esta mirada ha tenido su aplicación en la ética, y más tarde en la bioética, la cual trata de unir la ciencia con la vida, no sólo la humana, sino también con todo ser viviente. Diversos hechos, avances científicos y tecnológicos han contribuido al nacimiento y desarrollo de la bioética. En la práctica, la bioética se basa en la filosofía y con ella ha generado numerosas corrientes teóricas, entre las que dominan actualmente: el utilitarismo, el universalismo, el personalismo y el principalismo (beneficencia, justicia, no maleficencia y autonomía). El objetivo de la bioética es la supervivencia del ser humano y del planeta donde vive.

Throughout history, mankind has attempted to place value and meaning to their lives. Based on several observations, man has created a philosophical view that explains its existence and the universe around him. This has had application in ethics and later in bioethics, which tries to unite science with not only human life, but also to all living things. Various facts and scientific and technological advances have contributed to the creation and development of bioethics. In practice, bioethics is based on philosophy and has generated numerous theoretical themes among which the following dominate today: utilitarianism, universalism, personalism and principalism (beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence and autonomy). The main claim of bioethics is the survival of mankind and the planet on which it lives.

Las habilidades para la elaboración de proyectos de investigación en la licenciatura de nutrición / Skills for the elaboration of research projects in nutrition career

Las habilidades para la investigación se encuentran en el centro de los intereses de la investigación educativa; sin embargo las condiciones del proceso educativo en ocasiones dificultan su desenvolvimiento. En este estudio se observan los resultados obtenidos mediante una estrategia educativa promotora de la participación con implicaciones epistemológicas dirigida al desarrollo de habilidades para elaborar proyectos de investigación. Se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal, con 47 alumnas de licenciatura de nutrición. La medicion de habilidades se realizó antes de la intervención educativa y al término de ésta. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos previamente validados. Todas las alumnas desarrollaron habilidad para construir un proyecto de investigación; se obtuvo una p<0.001 con prueba de Wilcoxon al comparar los resultados antes y después de la intervención. En todos los indicadores propuestos para estimar el desarrollo de habilidades se obtuvo una p<0.01 con prueba U de Mann-Whitney y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman obtenido entre evaluación escrita y lista de observación acerca de la realización de un proyecto de investigación fue de 0.83. Se concluye que las habilidades para la investigación no se desarrollan como algo accidental o fortuito, sino como resultado de un propósito deliberado; los resultados proporcionan diferentes consideraciones comparativas entre el concepto de habilidad para la investigación y automatización del método

Neumonías / Pnemonies

Las infecciones respiratorias bajas en general y las neumonías en particular, continúan siendo causa importante de morbilidad en las edades pediátricas. Se revisan aspectos etiológicos de las neumonías, recalcando que los virus continúan ocupando cerca del 90% de las causas mismas. Se mencionan aspectos útiles tanto clínicos como radiológicos y de laboratorio para establecer con la mayor certeza posible si estamos ante la neumonía viral o bacteriana. Se emiten consideraciones válidas para la selección del antimicrobiano de elección, de acuerdo al germen causante de la infección del parénquima pulmonar.