Converging-diverging shock-driven instabilities along soft hydrogel surfaces.

Intense surface eruptions are observed along the curved surface of a confined cylindrical film of hydrogel subject to laser-induced converging-diverging shock loading. Detailed numerical simulations are used to identify the dominant mechanisms causing mechanical instability. The mechanisms that produce surface instability are found to be fundamentally different from both acoustic parametric instability and shock-driven Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. The time scale of observed and simulated eruption formation is much larger than that of a single shock reflection, in stark contrast to previously studied shock-driven instabilities. Moreover, surface undulations are only found along external, as opposed to internal, soft solid boundaries. Specifically, classic bubble surface instability mechanisms do not occur in our experiments and here we comment only on the new surface undulations found along the outer boundary of solid hydrogel cylinders. Our findings indicate a new class of impulsively excited surface instability that is driven by cycles of internal shock reflections.

Engineering the thermal conductivity along an individual silicon nanowire by selective helium ion irradiation.

The ability to engineer the thermal conductivity of materials allows us to control the flow of heat and derive novel functionalities such as thermal rectification, thermal switching and thermal cloaking. While this could be achieved by making use of composites and metamaterials at bulk length-scales, engineering the thermal conductivity at micro- and nano-scale dimensions is considerably more challenging. In this work, we show that the local thermal conductivity along a single Si nanowire can be tuned to a desired value (between crystalline and amorphous limits) with high spatial resolution through selective helium ion irradiation with a well-controlled dose. The underlying mechanism is understood through molecular dynamics simulations and quantitative phonon-defect scattering rate analysis, where the behaviour of thermal conductivity with dose is attributed to the accumulation and agglomeration of scattering centres at lower doses. Beyond a threshold dose, a crystalline-amorphous transition was observed.

Nanoscale helium ion microscopic analysis of collagen fibrillar changes following femtosecond laser dissection of human cornea.

Over the last decade, femtosecond lasers have emerged as an important tool to perform accurate and fine dissections with minimal collateral damage in biological tissue. The most common surgical procedure in medicine utilizing femtosecond laser is LASIK. During the femtosecond laser dissection process, the corneal collagen fibers inevitably undergo biomechanical and thermal changes on a sub-micro- or even a nanoscale level, which can potentially lead to post-surgical complications. In this study, we utilized helium ion microscopy, complemented with transmission electron microscopy to examine the femtosecond laser-induced collagen fibrillar damage in ex vivo human corneas. We found that the biomechanical damage induced by laser etching, generation of tissue bridges, and expansion of cavitation bubble and its subsequent collapse, created distortion to the surrounding collagen lamellae. Femtosecond laser-induced thermal damage was characterized by collapsed collagen lamellae, loss of collagen banding, collagen coiling, and presence of spherical debris. Our findings have shown the ability of helium ion microscopy to provide high resolution images with unprecedented detail of nanoscale fibrillar morphological changes in order to assess a tissue damage, which could not be resolved by conventional scanning electron microscopy previously. This imaging technology has also given us a better understanding of the tissue-laser interactions in a nano-structural manner and their possible effects on post-operative wound recovery.

Split-ball resonator as a three-dimensional analogue of planar split-rings.

Split-ring resonators are basic elements of metamaterials, which can induce a magnetic response in metallic nanosctructures. Tunability of such response up to the visible frequency range is still a challenge. Here we introduce the concept of the split-ball resonator and demonstrate the strong magnetic response in the visible for both gold and silver spherical plasmonic nanoparticles with nanometre scale cuts. We realize this concept experimentally by employing the laser-induced transfer method to produce near-perfect metallic spheres and helium ion beam milling to make cuts with the clean straight sidewalls and nanometre resolution. The magnetic resonance is observed at 600 nm in gold and at 565 nm in silver nanoparticles. This method can be applied to the structuring of arbitrary three-dimensional features on the surface of nanoscale resonators. It provides new ways for engineering hybrid resonant modes and ultra-high near-field enhancement.

Whole-cell imaging at nanometer resolutions using fast and slow focused helium ions.

Observations of the interior structure of cells and subcellular organelles are important steps in unraveling organelle functions. Microscopy using helium ions can play a major role in both surface and subcellular imaging because it can provide subnanometer resolutions at the cell surface for slow helium ions, and fast helium ions can penetrate cells without a significant loss of resolution. Slow (e.g., 10-50 keV) helium ion beams can now be focused to subnanometer dimensions (∼0.25 nm), and keV helium ion microscopy can be used to image the surfaces of cells at high resolutions. Because of the ease of neutralizing the sample charge using a flood electron beam, surface charging effects are minimal and therefore cell surfaces can be imaged without the need for a conducting metallic coating. Fast (MeV) helium ions maintain a straight path as they pass through a cell. Along the ion trajectory, the helium ion undergoes multiple electron collisions, and for each collision a small amount of energy is lost to the scattered electron. By measuring the total energy loss of each MeV helium ion as it passes through the cell, we can construct an energy-loss image that is representative of the mass distribution of the cell. This work paves the way to use ions for whole-cell investigations at nanometer resolutions through structural, elemental (via nuclear elastic backscattering), and fluorescence (via ion induced fluorescence) imaging.