ABSTRACT
We evaluated the immune responses elicited by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA and serovar Typhimurium strain SL3261 alone or as live vectors carrying a plasmid encoding fragment C of tetanus toxin (pTETnir15) in mice immunized intranasally and orogastrically, as well as the in vivo distribution of vaccine organisms following immunization. Higher serologic and proliferative responses against both vector and the foreign antigen were elicited when vaccines were delivered by intranasal route. Whereas both Salmonella strains were detected in the nasal tissue, lungs, and Peyer's patches following intranasal and orogastric immunization, larger numbers of vaccine organisms were recovered from these tissues when the vaccines were delivered intranasally.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/immunology , Salmonella typhi/immunology , Salmonella typhimurium/immunology , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Immunization , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi live vector vaccine strains are highly immunogenic in mice following intranasal but not orogastric inoculation. To elucidate the relationship between organs within which vaccine organisms are found and the induction of specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, we examined the in vivo distribution of serovar Typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA following intranasal administration. Vaccine organisms were cultured from the nasal lymphoid tissue (NALT), lungs, and Peyer's patches 2 min after intranasal inoculation. Vaccine organisms persisted longer in NALT than in other organs. By decreasing the volume of intranasal inoculum containing 10(9) CFU (from a single 30- or 10-microl dose to four 2.5-microl doses given over the course of 1 h), we were able to significantly reduce the number of vaccine organisms isolated from the lungs (P < 0.05) without reducing the number of vaccine organisms in NALT. Reducing the number of vaccine organisms in the lungs resulted in a significant decrease in the serum tetanus antitoxin response elicited by CVD 908-htrA expressing tetanus toxin fragment C under the control of the redox-responsive nir15 promoter. In contrast, a similar construct expressing tetanus toxin fragment C under control of the constitutive lpp promoter stimulated a strong serum IgG tetanus antitoxin response with both inoculation regimens. The data suggest that following intranasal inoculation, NALT is a sufficient inductive site for elicitation of an immune response against both the live vector and heterologous antigen and, as occurs following oral inoculation of humans, attenuated serovar Typhi vaccine organisms elicit serum IgG responses.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage , Salmonella typhi/immunology , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Antibody Specificity , Colony Count, Microbial , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Female , Immunity, Mucosal , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Lung/immunology , Lung/microbiology , Lymphoid Tissue/immunology , Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nose/immunology , Nose/microbiology , Peyer's Patches/immunology , Peyer's Patches/microbiology , Salmonella typhi/classification , Salmonella typhi/pathogenicity , Serotyping , Typhoid Fever/immunology , Typhoid Fever/prevention & control , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosageABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Health assessment for partners of pregnant women has not been routinely offered. Work in the area of smoking cessation suggests that a partner's health habits have a strong influence on the health habits of a pregnant woman. Smoking, alcohol abuse, depression, battering, and household firearms cab adversely affect the health of the expectant mother and the infant. METHODS: Four methods of partner assessment were pilot tested: office visit with a family physician, office visit with a registered nurse, telephone survey conducted by the registered nurse, and mailed questionnaire. Written feedback and referrals were provided to all study participants, and verbal feedback and referrals were provided to those who completed in-person or telephone interviews. A chart review was conducted to determine participation bias. RESULTS: Thirty-five pregnant women and 25 partners participated in the study. Self-administered questionnaires and telephone interviews were preferred by study participants. The study group was healthier than the general population. Five partners reported troublesome drinking behavior, and 1 reported smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: health assessment of partners of pregnant women seems promising for uncovering health problems that would be likely to have an adverse impact on the health of the family. Further development of assessment and intervention strategies is needed.
