Effects of early use of atenolol or captopril on infarct size and ventricular volume: A double-blind comparison in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors reduce early mortality when either one is started in the first hours after myocardial infarction (MI). Considering the close correlation between morphological changes and prognosis, we aimed to investigate whether the benefit of both beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors might reside in a similar protective effect on infarct size or ventricular volume. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized, double-blind comparison between early treatment with captopril or atenolol in 121 patients with acute anterior MI, both drugs showed a similar reduction in mean blood pressure. However, only the atenolol-treated patients showed a significant early reduction in heart rate. Infarct size, obtained from the perfusion defect in resting single photon emission imaging, was higher in captopril-treated patients than in atenolol-treated patients: 29.8+/-12% versus 20.8+/-12% (P:<0.01) by polar map and 28.3+/-13% versus 20.0+/-13% (P:<0.01) by tomography. Changes from baseline to 1 week and to 3 months in ventricular end-diastolic volume, assessed by echocardiography, were as follows: 58+/-14 versus 64+/-19 (P<0.05) and 65+/-21 mL/m(2) (P<0.05), respectively, with captopril, and 58+/-18 versus 64+/-18 (P<0.05) and 69+/-30 mL/m(2) (P<0.05), respectively, with atenolol. Neither group showed significant changes in end-systolic volume. Among patients with perfusion defect >18% (n=51), those treated with atenolol showed a significant increase of end-systolic and end-diastolic ventricular volumes, whereas captopril-treated patients did not. CONCLUSIONS: Although early treatment with atenolol or captopril results in similar overall short- and medium-term preservation of ventricular function and volumes, in patients with larger infarctions, a beta-blocker alone does not adequately protect myocardium from ventricular dilatation.

[Usefulness of predictors of angiographic restenosis to predict clinical restenosis after coronary stent placement]. / Utilidad de los predictores de reestenosis angiográfica en la predicción de reestenosis clínica de stents intracoronarios.

INTRODUCTION: After coronary stenting, several predictors of angiographic in-stent restenosis have been identified in different studies, however, little is known about predictors of clinical restenosis, a more functional aspect of coronary restenosis. AIM: To assess whether risk factors for angiographic restenosis previously described, are able to predict clinical restenosis and at what rate in current practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 216 consecutive patients (271 stents in 256 lesions) with procedural success were followed-up for 17.6 +/-10 months during periodic visits. Clinical restenosis was defined as the presence of symptoms or signs of myocardial ischemia, associated with >= 50% diameter stenosis on the angiogram. RESULTS: Clinical restenosis occurred in 33 lesions (13%), which were revascularized with 34 stents associated with unstable angina in 29, acute myocardial infarction in three and death in one case. Multivariate analysis identified as independent predictors of clinical restenosis, a vessel diameter less than 3 mm (p < 0.001, OR 4.5), a restenotic lesion (p = 0.01, OR 2.9) and the presence of residual stenosis by visual estimate (> 0%) after implantation (p = 0. 02, OR 2.5). These three risk factors explained most clinical restenosis (73%), with rates of 22% when at least one was present and 4% in absence of all these. The presence of diabetes mellitus, the location in the anterior descending coronary artery or at coronary ostium, and the number or total length of stents per lesion did not achieve an independent, significant association as predictors of clinical restenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most clinical restenosis after coronary stenting can be predicted by the restenotic character of the revascularized lesion, the diameter of the vessel being less than 3 mm and the presence of residual stenosis by visual estimate at the end of procedure.

[Subacute thrombosis with antiplatelet treatment in a non-selected population of intracoronary stents: incidence and predictors]. / Trombosis subaguda con tratamiento antiagregante en una población no seleccionada de stents intracoronarios: incidencia y predictores.

INTRODUCTION: After coronary stenting, the incidence of subacute stent thrombosis have been reduced to 0% using aspirin and ticlopidine, in studies with selected populations and intracoronary ultrasounds. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of subacute stent thrombosis in a nonselected population, using antithrombotic therapy. METHODS: We studied 285 stents, consecutively and successfully implanted in 268 lesions of 226 patients. We used high pressure balloon inflation without intracoronary ultrasound. Post-stenting protocol included aspirin and ticlopidine during four weeks with no anticoagulation. We defined subacute stent thrombosis as death, acute myocardial infarction myocardial infarction or angiographic occlusion of stent, with TIMI flow 0-1, after the first 24 hours and during the first month. RESULTS: Four patients presented events (1.7%): Three nonfatal myocardial infarction after discharge, with documented angiographic thrombosis of stent, and one death due to in-hospital myocardial infarction. All three non-fatal AMI, occurred in vessels less than 3 mm (p = 0.07) and in patients taking aspirin without ticlopidine (p < 0.001). After discharge, three (17%) of 18 patients with inadvertent discontinuation of ticlopidine presented subacute stent thrombosis, in contrast to none of 25 patients taking ticlopidine without aspirin. Excluded patients with discontinuation of ticlopidine, the incidence of subacute stent thrombosis was 0.5%. CONCLUSION: After intracoronary stenting in a nonselected population, using antithrombotic treatment with aspirin and ticlopidine, we may expect a rate of subacute stent thrombosis about 1%. Ticlopidine seems to have the main role in preventing subacute stent thrombosis, above all in predisposing circumstances as small vessels.

Head-up tilt test in patients with high pretest likelihood of neurally mediated syncope: an approximation to the "real sensitivity" of this testing.

UNLABELLED: This study was designed to examine the "true sensitivity" of a specific head-up tilt (HUT) testing protocol using clinical findings. The HUT protocol used 45 minutes at 60 degrees for the baseline portion and intermittent boluses of 2, 4, and 6 micrograms of isoproterenol in the second phase. Eighty-eight patients (40 men and 48 women; mean age of 33.8 +/- 16 years) with recurrent syncope and high pretest likelihood of neurally mediated syncope were included. The following were considerated as high pretest likelihood criteria: (1) at least two syncopal episodes; (2) no structural heart disease and normal baseline ECG; (3) age < 65 years; (4) a typical history of neurally mediated syncope, triggering factors plus premonitory signs; and (5) short duration of symptoms and fast recovery without neurological sequelae. Fifty-four patients (61%) had a positive tilt test (34/88 baseline [39%] and 20/50 with isoproterenol [40%]). The shorter time interval between the last syncopal episode and baseline HUT test was the only predictor for a positive response (P < 0.003). Conversely, this time interval was not predictor of positive responses during isoproterenol-tilt testing. IN CONCLUSION: (1) we claim a "sensitivity" for this combined protocol of 61%; and (2) our results indicate that patients with syncope of unknown origin must be tilted nearest as possible to the last syncope to increase the positive responses of HUT test.

[Role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in head-up tilt-induced syncope]. / Papel del adenosín trifosfato (ATP) en la inducción de síncope mediante test de basculación.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have demonstrated that adenosine is an endogenous modulator of the cardiac excitatory afferent nerves, and could provoke a vasovagal response during head-up tilt test. Isoproterenol has been the drug of choice to increase the sensitivity of this testing. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of adenosine in head-up tilt-induced syncope in susceptible patients, and to compare the relative sensitivities of adenosine and isoproterenol. METHODS: Thirty patients with unexplained syncope (16 female and 14 male, mean age 37.1 +/- 18 years), no heart disease and negative baseline head-up tilt test were studied. After the baseline test, patients were randomized to receive adenosine triphosphate (bolus injections of 3, 6 and 9 mg/ 5 min) or isoproterenol (bolus injections of 2, 4 and 6 micrograms/5 min) and underwent a second tilt test. After 15 min at rest, patients received the alternative drug and a third test was performed. Eleven normal control subjects were tested with adenosine in the upright position to determine its effects. RESULTS: A vasovagal response was induced in 7 patients (23.3%) after ATP administration. Nine patients (30%) showed a positive response with isoproterenol. Only 2 patients (6.6%) showed a positive response with both drugs. Of the control subjects, one (9%) had a vasovagal response after ATP administration. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that adenosine triphosphate seems to be a useful tool to provoke vasovagal reaction in susceptible patients during head-up tilt test.

Role of endogenous opioids in syncope induced by head-up tilt test and its relationship with isoproterenol-dependent and isoproterenol-independent neurally-mediated syncope.

This study was designed to evaluate the role of endogenous opioids in neurally-mediated syncope. Head-up tilt test was performed on 35 patients with syncope of unknown origin. Plasma beta-endorphin was measured (1) at baseline, (2) at the end of tilt test or at time of syncope, (3) 15 min before isoproterenol-test, (4) at the end of the isoproterenol-test or at time of syncope. Subjects with a positive tilt testing showed a larger rise in plasma beta-endorphin concentrations at time of syncope (baseline 13.7+/-8.0 vs. syncope 41.4+/-26.4 pmol l(-1); P<0.01). On the contrary, patients with a positive isoproterenol-test showed no rise in plasma beta-endorphin levels (baseline 7.9+/-3.6 vs. syncope 7.4+/-2.7 pmol l(-1); P=ns). Patients with a passive negative tilt test (baseline 6.7+/-2.8 vs. end of test 7.0+/-3.3 pmol l(-1); P=ns) and negative isoproterenol tilt test (baseline 7.4+/-3.8 vs. end of test 8.1+/-3.4 pmol l(-1); P=ns) showed no changes in beta-endorphin concentrations. To further examine the efficacy of i.v. naloxone to prevent syncope, 10 patients were randomized to naloxone (0.02 mg/kg) or placebo. Second head-up tilt testing was negative in 1/5 patients with naloxone and in 2/5 patients with placebo. We conclude that, (1) endogenous opioids seem to be involved in vasovagal syncope induced by baseline head-up tilt test, (2) changes in plasma beta-endorphin concentrations show significant differences between patients who have isoproterenol-dependent and isoproterenol-independent syncope, this finding might occur in the setting of different pathophysiologic mechanisms, and (3) intravenous naloxone at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg was not superior to placebo in order to prevent positive responses to baseline tilt test.

[Long-term prognosis of patients with syncope of unknown origin in prolonged asystole induced by the head-up tilt test]. / Pronóstico a largo plazo de pacientes con síncope de origen desconocido y asistolia prolongada inducida mediante test de basculación.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Prognosis and therapeutic assessment of patients with syncope and prolonged asystole during head-up tilt test remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical evolution of patients with syncope of unknown origin, no heart disease and severe cardioinhibitory response induced by head-up tilt. METHODS: A prospective follow-up study was performed in 12 patients (6 male and 6 female, mean age 31 +/- 20 years) with recurrent syncope, no heart disease and affected by severe cardioinhibitory syncope induced by head-up tilt test. This was defined as syncope or near-syncope induced by baseline or isoproterenol tilt with asystole of > or = 3 seconds. All patients were re-tilted twice: with salt and fluid and with metoprolol (25 mg/b.i.d). According to the results of these tests, 5 patients were discharged with dietetic measures (salt & fluid) and 5 with metoprolol. In 2 patients who showed recurrent prolonged asystole a DDD pacemaker was implanted. RESULTS: After follow-up of 34 +/- 20 months all patients ae alive. The number of recurrences was small (2 syncopes and 2 near-syncopes). No relationship was observed between the number of syncopal recurrences and the applied treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that prolonged asystole induced by head-up tilt test does not confer an adverse prognosis in patients with syncope of unknown origin and no heart disease, thus, the clinical evolution of these patients is benign.

[Percutaneous extraction of intravascular foreign bodies: a series of 38 cases]. / Extracción percutánea de cuerpos extraños intravasculares: una serie de 28 casos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Retained foreign bodies or embolization in cardiac chambers is a relatively common clinical problem. As experience was acquired, it became apparent that failure to remove such fragments could result in morbility or mortality. In the past, surgical removal was the only method available. We present our experience of percutaneous extractions of embolized foreign bodies. The technical aspects are discussed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty eight cases (age between 1 and 80 years) of cardiac and intravascular foreign bodies seen in two hospitals are reported. Seventeen were plastic catheters or fragments (two were radiotransparent), 5 guide wires in vena cava, right atrial and ventricle, pulmonary artery and abdominal aorta, 4 patients had pacemaker electrodes in the right atrium or ventricle. Stent embolization was observed in two patients. The stents were stripped from the delivery catheter and removed from iliac artery. A pigtail catheter was sometimes used to remove the fragment found in the right ventricle. In 8 cases the capture and extraction was made using a loop snare with a 0.025 inch guide J-wire device folded in half at its midsection and inserted through a long introducer, and in another 20 cases a Dormia basket system was used. In all four patients with pacemaker electrodes, simple counteraction was used with a 10 F left coronary directional atherectomy guide catheter. RESULTS: In two patients removal was impossible--in one the pacemaker electrode was caught but not retrieved because was densely adhered to the endocardium for several years; in another a guide wire was found in a child one year old--. In the other 26 patients, foreign body extraction was performed percutaneously without any complication with a basket or snare; only in one case (a radiotransparent catheter) both systems were used. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous removal of centrally embolized foreign bodies, cardiac or vascular, is a safe and successful procedure. The basket system needs to be used more carefully.

[Usefulness of early exercise test after anterior infarction in the diagnosis of multivessel disease]. / Utilidad de la prueba de esfuerzo precoz postinfarto anterior para detectar enfermedad multivaso.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability of early exercise test to detect multivessel disease in survivors of an uncomplicated first anterior Q-wave myocardial infarction. METHODS: Among 100 consecutive patients 64 (aged 55 +/- 10 years) were included in the study. Thirty-four patients (53.1%) received thrombolytic therapy and this was considered successful, by means of non-invasive criteria, in 24 patients (37.5%). A standard symptom-limited exercise test, 11-15 days after myocardial infarction, and coronary arteriography, < 72 hours later, were performed in all patients. RESULTS: On exercise test 6 (9.3%) patients developed significant ST segment depression, 48 (75%) significant ST segment elevation, 5 (7.8%) ST depression in inferior leads together with ST elevation in anterior leads and 3 (4.6%) angina. Of the 18 patients with multivessel disease 5 (27.8%) developed ST depression, 10 (55.5%) ST elevation, 1 (5.5%) ST depression in inferior leads together with ST elevation in anterior leads and 1 (5.5%) angina. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that ST depression in a symptom-limited exercise test performed early after an anterior Q-wave acute myocardial infarction is unusual and has low sensitivity (27.8%) to detect multivessel disease. ST elevation is the more common finding in this test (75%) and has no relation with the severity of CAD.

[Use of transdermal scopolamine in the prevention of neuro-cardiogenic syncope induced by the tilt test]. / Uso de la escopolamina transdérmica en la prevención del síncope neurocardiogénico inducido mediante test de basculación.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The underlying mechanism of syncope induced by head-up tilt test is still incompletely understood. It has been proposed a sudden increase in parasympathetic's activity induced by the excessive activation of the cardiac mechanoreceptors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt test before and after treatment with transdermal Scopolamine (anticholinergic agent). METHODS: We studied 17 patients (8 females, 9 males; mean age 43 +/- 19 years) with > or = 2 syncopal episodes of unknown origin and a positive tilt test (a positive response to tilt testing alone or in conjunction with an infusion of isoproterenol was defined as the appearance of syncope or presyncope associated to hypotension and/or bradycardia). Symptoms developed in 12 patients during the baseline tilt (Group I) and in 5 patients after infusion of isoproterenol (Group II). Mean time to symptoms was 8.5 +/- 7.9 minutes in group I. All patients were them treated with transdermal Scopolamine (1.5 mg/24 hours) and 48 hours later tilt test was repeated. RESULTS: In group I, 8 patients (66.6%) became tilt test negative and in the remaining 4 patients mean time before the appearance of symptoms was increased (8.5 +/- 7.9 vs 16.2 +/- 2.5 minutes; p < 0.05). In group II, 3 patients (60%) became tilt test negative and in the remaining 2 patients symptoms developed after an infusion of higher doses of isoproterenol than in the first study. So, with transdermal scopolamine 11 out of 17 patients became tilt test negative and time to symptoms was increased in all of the remaining 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggest that transdermal scopolamine is an usefull treatment in the prevention of neuro-cardiogenic syncope induced by head-up tilt test.

[Long-term follow up of Doppler parameters of ventricular diastolic function after myocardial infarct]. / Evolución a largo plazo de los parámetros Doppler de función diastólica ventricular tras un infarto del miocardio.

Forty-two survivors of a first transmural, noncomplicated myocardial infarction underwent mitral flow pulsed-Doppler studies both at predischarge time and 1 year later, in order to assess the long-term evolution of diastolic parameters in the absence of reinfarction or revascularization procedures. Results showed a decrease of mean value of E wave peak velocity (59.6 +/- 14 cm/sec vs 46.8 +/- 13 cm/sec, p < 0.001). Mean value of A wave peak velocity remained stable (59.4 +/- 16 cm/sec vs 58.8 +/- 13 cm/sec, p = 0.86). The mean value of the E/A ratio showed a significant decrease during follow-up from an initial value > or = 1 to a final value < 1 (1.08 +/- 0.4 vs 0.82 +/- 0.2, p < 0.01). From the point of view of individual results, only 8 of 22 patients with an E/A ratio > or = 1 before discharge presented the same ratio value 1 year later, whereas only 1 patient with a E/A ratio < 1 before discharge presented a > 1 value of this ratio in the late study. It is concluded that during the first year of evolution after transmural, nonrevascularized, noncomplicated infarction, the left ventricle filling pattern displays a significant change from predischarge phase (mainly protodiastolic with predominant E wave) to late follow-up (mainly telediastolic with predominant A wave). Different hypotheses to explain these results are discussed.

[Echocardiography during transesophageal atrial pacing. Its applicability and diagnostic value]. / Ecocardiografía durante la estimulación auricular transesofágica. Aplicabilidad y valor diagnóstico.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Atrial pacing has been proposed as an alternative method to the isotonic exercise, to induce ischemia, and, joined to two-dimensional echocardiography, as one of the main modalities in stress echo. In order to analyse its applicability and diagnostic value in assessing coronary artery disease this study was undertaken. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 52 patients referred to coronarography for suspicion or evaluation of ischemic disease, were submitted to this technique. RESULTS: The study was completed in 44 patients (applicability rate of 84,7%). The results obtained showed a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for the regional wall motion abnormalities echocardiographically detected, of 88%, 68% and 79%, respectively. When electrocardiographic changes or presence of angina during atrial pacing were added to echocardiographic data, sensitivity increased to 96%. In 41 patients in which a conventional stress test was available, sensitivity was 55% electrocardiographically, 33% clinically and 68% globally. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography during atrial pacing is a safe, highly sensitive method for coronary artery disease detection. The limitations of the method for its routine clinical application are also analysed.

Effects of early use of captopril on haemodynamics and short-term ventricular remodelling in acute anterior myocardial infarction.

To determine whether ventricular short-term enlargement following acute myocardial infarction is related to increased left filling pressures and whether early treatment with captopril alters this process we studied 68 patients with a first acute myocardial infarction. Forty patients with a pulmonary capillary pressure equal or above 17 mmHg were randomized to treatment with conventional therapy plus captopril (n 20) or placebo (n 20), in a double blind fashion. The remaining 28 patients (non-dysfunction group) were treated conventionally. During the first 72 h, afterload showed a prompt decrease in the captopril group as compared to placebo. Changes from baseline to 14 days in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volume indexes determined by radionuclide ventriculography were: non-dysfunction, 85.6 (+/- 21) vs 88 (+/- 20) and 44 (+/- 17) vs 44 (+/- 17) ml.m-2; captopril (n 20), 96.6 (+/- 18) vs 99 (+/- 19) and 66 (+/- 22) vs 65 (+/- 22) ml.m-2; placebo (n 20), 96 (+/- 25) vs 113 (+/- 19) (P < 0.001) and 63 (+/- 18) vs 74 (+/- 22) ml.m-2 (P < 0.01). This study indicates that short-term ventricular enlargement is related to the degree of ventricular dysfunction and that captopril may improve this process.

Early and late exercise testing. Usefulness after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Seventy-five patients 36 to 68 years of age were studied after undergoing successful single-vessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). In all cases exercise tests (ETs) were made prior to the procedure and 2 to 4 days and 6 months thereafter. Angiographic controls were performed on patients with positive ET. Both early and late ET carried out after dilatation lasted significantly longer. Patients were able to tolerate greater work loads and their heart rates and arterial blood pressures also were higher. The ETs conducted prior to PTCA were positive in 62 patients. After dilatation, the early test was positive in 18 and the late test, in 10. Angiographic controls revealed restenosis in 75 percent of patients with single-vessel disease and positive ET. Thus, the results of ETs in patients with single-vessel disease tend to become negative after successful PTCA. Early and late positive ETs are associated with restenosis, while negative ETs indicate a good prognosis.

[Malignant vasovagal syncope: its diagnosis and therapeutic trial based on the orthostatism test (the tilt-table test)]. / Síncope vasovagal maligno: diagnóstico y ensayo terapéutico basado en el test de ortostatismo (test de TILT).

Seventy consecutive patients with recurrent unexplained syncope were evaluated by use of an up-right tilt-table test for 45 minutes (with or without an infusion of isoproterenol) in an attempt to reproduce symptoms. There were 42 males and 28 females with a mean age of 49 +/- 20 years (range 7-86), and with a mean symptoms duration of 35.2 +/- 16 months. All the patients underwent clinical examination which includes cardiological and neurological evaluation. Some tilt positive patients received therapy with either transdermal scopolamine, metoprolol or clonidine, the efficacy of which was evaluated by another tilt-table test. Syncope occurred in sixteen patients (22.9%), during the baseline tilt associated with hypotension (2 patients), bradycardia-asystolia (3 patients), or both (11 patients). In 11 patients with normal baseline tilt test, isoproterenol infusion was used appearing 4 new cases of abnormal response. Some patients who had positive test results, eventually became tilt-table negative by therapy (5 out of 8 patients treated with scopolamine, 5 out of 6 patients with metoprolol, and 3 out of 5 patients with clonidine). Time before syncope during tilt-test was increased with therapy, being of 45 min in normalized cases, and increasing from 11.9 +/- 16 basal to 34.4 +/- 17 min with scopolamine (p < 0.05), to 40 +/- 12 min with metoprolol (p < 0.05) and to 33.7 +/- 16.7 min with clonidine (p = NS). We conclude that upright tilt-table alone or combined with isoproterenol infusion is an useful test in the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope and in the evaluation of therapy.

Transdermal scopolamine as treatment of bradyarrhythmias.

Fifteen patients with different degrees of chronic bradyarrhythmias of supraventricular origin were studied with Holter monitoring before and during application of a transdermal patch of scopolamine. No changes were found in the mean or minimal heart rates, standard deviation of the RR interval, or the degree of bradyarrhythmia. It is concluded that transdermal scopolamine is not an adequate treatment of chronic symptomatic bradyarrhythmias.

[Hypertrophic myocardiopathy (II). 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring and its relation to the echocardiographic characteristics]. / Miocardiopatía hipertrófica (II). Monitorización electrocardiográfica de 24 horas y su relación con las características ecocardiográficas.

Seventy-two patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were evaluated by 24 hours of electrocardiographic ambulatory monitoring. The results were related to echocardiographic extent of hypertrophy, left ventricular outflow obstruction at rest, and transmitral flow parameters. Also, the symptoms and functional classification of NYHA were related to ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular arrhythmias were detected in 68% of our patients: high degree of ventricular ectopia in 26 (36.1%), and ventricular tachycardia in 14 (19.4%). Most important supraventricular arrhythmias were: atrial fibrillation in 7 patients, atrial flutter in one, and supraventricular tachycardia in five. Asymmetric hypertrophy type I of Maron classification showed the lower number of ventricular arrhythmias. High degree of ventricular arrhythmias were more frequent in patients with: apical hypertrophy, worse functional classification of NYHA (I: 20%; II: 50%; III: 80%), and in patients with impaired distensibility detected by Doppler (80.7% vs 56.7%; p less than 0.05). There was no relationship between left ventricular outflow obstruction at rest and ventricular arrhythmias.

[Intravenous verapamil in hypertrophic myocardiopathy. A study using Doppler ultrasound]. / Verapamil intravenoso en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Estudio mediante ultrasonidos-Doppler.

The effect of one intravenous dose of verapamil on left ventricular diastolic and systolic flow was studied by Doppler-echocardiography in 31 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. On diastolic flow, verapamil induced a decrease in "a" wave velocity (1.02 + 0.37 vs 0.91 + 0.29 m/seg, p less than 0.01), and in its relation with maximal protodiastolic velocity (1.08 + 0.56 vs 0.89 + 0.37, p less than 0.01), and a shortening in the isovolumic relaxation period (0.076 + 0.031 vs 0.068 + 0.02, p less than 0.05). On the ejection flow, verapamil decreased the peak velocity (2.82 + 1.28 vs 2.42 + 1.18 m/seg, p less than 0.001). Nor age, sex, ventricular mass, gradient, neither hypertrophic cardiomyopathy's classification relates with changes after intravenous verapamil. There were no adverse effects. This study by Doppler-echocardiography confirms the beneficial ++ effect of intravenous verapamil in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy not only on gradient reduction but also in the improvement on left ventricular diastolic function.