[Obesity and insulin resistance among adolescents from Chiapas]. / Obesidad y resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes de Chiapas.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association of overweight and obesity with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemic among 12 to 15 year olds from private and public schools in Chiapas. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a random selection of 259, 12 to 15 year old teenagers from private and public middle schools. Conventional methods were used to measure body weight, height and blood pressure. After a 14-hour fasting period, a blood sample was taken for glucose, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin levels. HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were estimated. Weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age were calculated using the CDC tables for growth. To assess the difference between overweight and obesity by gender and type of school a X2 and t-test was performed in order to evaluate the mean difference between biochemical indicators of normal and overweight adolescents. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to assess differences in blood pressure. RESULTS: Observations included high prevalence of overweight (19%) and obesity (13%) with no difference between type of school, gender, or group of age (Table 2). High prevalence of hipercholesterolemia (26%), LDLcholesterol (7%), HDL hypolipoproteinemia (3%), triglycerides (10%), systolic blood pressure (6%), and metabolic syndrome (1.6%) were also observed. The BMI was associated to total lipid, total cholesterol, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. The Overweight and obese had higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol.

Obesidad y resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes de Chiapas / Obesity and insulin resistance among adolescents from Chiapas

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la asociación de sobrepeso y obesidad con la resistencia a la insulina, la hipertensión, y las hiperlipidemias en un grupo de adolescentes de 12 a 15 años de escuelas privadas y públicas de Chiapas. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante selección aleatoria de 259 jóvenes de 12 a 15 años de edad de escuelas públicas y privadas. Mediante métodos convencionales se midieron el peso, la estatura, la presión arterial, y se valoraron después de ayuno de 14 horas, glucosa, lípidos totales, colesterol total, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos, insulina. Se estimaron el colesterol HDL y el HOMA-IR. Las percentiles de peso para edad, talla para edad e IMC para edad se calcularon utilizando las tablas de crecimiento dela CDC. Para valorar la diferencia de prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad entre sexo y tipos de escuelas se realizó la X2 y el t-test para diferencias entre promedios delos marcadores bioquímicos entre los que presentaban peso normal y obesidad. Se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para valorar diferencias entre presión arterial. Resultados: Se observó alta prevalencia de sobrepeso(19%) y obesidad (13%) sin diferencias significativas portipo de escuela, género o grupo de edad, y alta prevalencia de hipercolesterolemia (26%), colesterol LDL (7%), triglicéridos(10%), de hipolipoproteinemia de alta densidad(3%), presión arterial sistólica (6%) y síndrome metabólico (1,6%). El IMC se asoció positivamente con los lípidos totales, el colesterol total, la insulina, y la HOMA-IR, y negativamente con el colesterol HDL. Los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad tuvieron niveles más altos de insulina, Homa-IR, triglicéridos, y presión arterial y más bajos de colesterol HDL (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association of overweight and obesity with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemic among 12 to 15 year olds from private and public schools in Chiapas. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a random selection of 259, 12 to 15 year old teenagers from private and public middle schools. Conventional methods were used to measure body weight, height and blood pressure. After a 14-hour fasting period, a blood sample was taken for glucose, total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin levels. HDL-cholesterol and HOMA-IR were estimated. Weight-for-age, height for-age and BMI-for-age were calculated using the CDC tables for growth. To assess the difference between overweight and obesity by gender and type of school a X2 and t-test was performed in order to evaluate the mean difference between biochemical indicators of normal and overweight adolescents. The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to assess differences in blood pressure. Results: Observations included high prevalence of overweight (19%) and obesity (13%) with no difference between type of school, gender, or group of age (Table 2).High prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (26%), LDL cholesterol(7%), HDL hypolipoproteinemia (3%), triglycerides(10%), systolic blood pressure (6%), and metabolic syndrome (1.6%) were also observed. The BMI was associated to total lipid, total cholesterol, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. The Overweight and obese had higher levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and blood pressure and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol (AU)

Pitx2 expression defines a left cardiac lineage of cells: evidence for atrial and ventricular molecular isomerism in the iv/iv mice.

The homeobox gene Pitx2 has been characterized as a mediator of left-right signaling in heart, gut, and lung morphogenesis. However, the relationship between the developmental role of Pitx2 and its expression pattern at the organ level has not been explored. In this study we focus on the role of Pitx2 in heart morphogenesis. Chicken Pitx2 transcripts are present in the left portion of the cardiac crescent and in the left side of the heart tube. Through looping Pitx2 is present in the left atrium, in the ventral portion of the ventricles and in the left-ventral part of the outflow tract. Mouse Pitx2 shows a similar developmental profile of expression. To test whether Pitx2 represents a lineage marker we have tagged the left portion of the chicken cardiac tube with fluorescent DiD. Labeled cells were found at HH16 in the left atrium and in the ventral region of the ventricles and the outflow tract. In the iv/iv mouse model of cardiac heterotaxia Pitx2 was abnormally expressed in the atrial and in the ventricular chambers. Furthermore, altered Pitx2 expression correlated with the occurrence of DORV. Our data reveal the existence of molecular isomerism not only in the atrial, but also in the ventricular compartment of the heart.

Familial true hermaphrodism in three siblings: clinical, cytogenetic, histological and hormonal studies.

Three affected siblings with the hermaphrodism are described. The propositi showed the following characteristics: male phenotype and gender role, hypospadias, bilateral scrotal ovotestes with palpable nodules, and absence of müllerian structures. The X chromatin was positive and the Y chromatin was negative in the 3 affected subjects. Their karyotype in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in gonadal fibroblasts was 46,XX and no Y chromosome fluorescence was observed. Plasma FSH was elevated in the 2 older patients and plasma LH was elevated only in the oldest. Plasma testosterone was low and plasma estradiol high in the 3 siblings; plasma progesterone was elevated in 2, but normal in 1 sibling. Since some of the clinical characteristics of these 3 affected siblings are not the most common features in the majority of sporadic cases of true hermaphrodism, it is suggested that the presence of all of them may be the first clue for the clinical suspicion of the familial type of true hermaphrodism.