ABSTRACT
The biofumigant effect of pepper crop residues (PCR) for controlling Meloidogyne incognita populations was evaluated. Under laboratory conditions, 0, 5, 10 and 20 g PCR were applied to 500 g nematode infested soil, with four replicates per treatment. After 20 days at 25 degrees C, PCR reduced significantly M. incognita populations and root galling indices in susceptible tomato cv. Marmande, and increased K, N and organic C in soil. In the field, biofumigation with PCR combined with fresh animal manures (with and without plastic cover), methyl bromide, and a control were evaluated through root galling indices on a pepper crop. Each treatment, except for the control, had a grafted and non-grafted susceptible pepper sub-treatment, with three replicates. Root galling indices were lower, and yields higher, on grafted plants, biofumigation with PCR and plastic cover, with similar values as MB treatment, suggesting that biofumigation with PCR is an efficient non-chemical alternative to control M. incognita populations, especially when applied with plastic cover, nitrogen-rich organic matter and followed by grafting on resistant pepper.
Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural , Nematoda , Pest Control, Biological , Plant Roots/parasitology , AnimalsABSTRACT
Fresh crop and garden residues were applied both under laboratory conditions and in commercial greenhouse in order to asses their effect on soil nematodes populations and soil fertility. In the laboratory experiments, dosages of 5 to 20 g of cabbage residues, chicken manure, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure, as well as leaves and stems of orange tree, pine tree, oleander, olive tree, palm tree and boxwood were mixed with 500 g soil having root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and soil moisture was adjusted at field capacity. A control treatment without residues was also included. The mixtures were kept into plastic bags, with four replications, and the bags were incubated for four weeks at 30 degrees C, when nematological and soil fertility analyses were carried out. In general, all these materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced M. incognita populations and increased saprophagous nematodes, with slight effects on soil fertility except for the K increase with residues application. Tomato plants susceptible to M. incognita were planted in pots with 300 cm3 of the treated soils and kept for five weeks in a growth chamber (24 +/- 1 degrees C, 14 hours light), when root galling indices were evaluated. Most materials applied reduced root galling indices as regards to the control. In the greenhouse experiment, cabbage residues, cabbage residues+chicken manure, grass+chicken manure and grass+cabbage residues were applied to the soil and covered with a polyethylene sheet for 5 weeks. A cabbage residues:chicken manure treatment and a control (not-amended) treatment, without polyethylene, were also included. At the end of the experiment, the nematological analysis showed that all materials successfully controlled M. incognita populations, reaching 86-100% mortality with organic amendments vs. 6% for the control. After the greenhouse biodesinfestation experiment, a tomato crop was grown for one month, when root galling indices were determined. All materials significantly reduced this value from 4.75 in the control to 1.0-2.25 with the organic amendments, except for the cabbage residues+chicken manure treatment without polyethylene (index = 4.0). Our results show that fresh crop and garden residues successfully reduced M. incognita populations and root galling indices when applied with polyethylene covers, having good potential to be considered in integrated management programs.
Subject(s)
Pest Control, Biological/methods , Soil/parasitology , Solanum lycopersicum/growth & development , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology , Tylenchoidea/growth & development , Animals , Biodegradation, Environmental , Brassica , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Crops, Agricultural/parasitology , Manure , Plant Roots/parasitology , Soil/standards , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The use of lithium, in the treatment and prevention of affective disorders, is considered to be one of the most important break through in modern Psychopharmacology. Side effects are frequently associated with its short and long term use. One of those side-effects, which is common after chronic lithium salt treatment, is a considerable increase in body weight. This side-effect appears to be an important factor in prompting some patients, particularly women, to suspend treatment. In this study, confirming our previous work with an animal model, we found a statistically greater weight increase in women treated chronically with lithium than in men. Our results were apparently not explained by abnormalities in thyroid function. The literature describes those thyroid abnormalities, due to lithium, as being more frequent in women than in men. In an animal model, we now found that higher plasma lithium levels are produced in male, when compared to female rats, when this drug is administered for long periods. If the some tendency is present in men, we could expect a greater probability of toxicity in men than in women. Thus, a lower weigh increase in men. Such could be a possible explanation for our clinical results.
Subject(s)
Body Weight/drug effects , Lithium/adverse effects , Adult , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Hypothyroidism/chemically induced , Lithium/administration & dosage , Lithium/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Sex Factors , Triiodothyronine/bloodABSTRACT
The use of lithium, in the treatment and prevention of affective disorders, is considered to be one of the most important break through in modern Psychopharmacology. Side effects are frequently associated with its short and long term use. One of those side-effects, which is common after chronic lithium salt treatment, is a considerable increase in body weight. This side-effect appears to be an important factor in prompting some patients, particularly women, to suspend treatment. In this study, confirming our previous work with an animal model, we found a statistically greater weight increase in women treated chronically with lithium than in men. Our results were apparently not explained by abnormalities in thyroid function. The literature describes those thyroid abnormalities, due to lithium, as being more frequent in women than in men. In an animal model, we now found that higher plasma lithium levels are produced in male, when compared to female rats, when this drug is administered for long periods. If the some tendency is present in men, we could expect a greater probability of toxicity in men than in women. Thus, a lower weigh increase in men. Such could be a possible explanation for our clinical results.
ABSTRACT
Eficacia terapeutica e producao de efeitos colaterais, por vezes preocupantes, tem acompanhado o uso dos sais de litio em Psiquiatria. Neste trabalho, o aumento de peso causado pelo uso cronico da droga e focalizado. Verificamos que mulheres tendem a aumentar significantemente mais de peso do que homens. Uma tendencia ao hipotiroidismo pelo litio, mais frequente em mulheres, referido na literatura, parece nao explicar os nossos resultados. Num modelo animal usando ratos, verificamos recentemente, que animais do sexo masculino tendem a sofrer mais as acoes toxicas desta droga. Neste trabalho constatamos que ratos machos tendem a apresentar litemias mais elevadas que ratas femeas. Esta mesma tendencia, se presente no homem, poderia explicar os nossos resultados
Subject(s)
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Animals , Rats , Thyroid Gland , Lithium , Body WeightABSTRACT
Eficacia terapeutica e producao de efeitos colaterais, por vezes preocupantes, tem acompanhado o uso dos sais de litio em Psiquiatria. Neste trabalho, o aumento de peso causado pelo uso cronico da droga e focalizado. Verificamos que mulheres tendem a aumentar significantemente mais de peso do que homens. Uma tendencia ao hipotiroidismo pelo litio, mais frequente em mulheres, referido na literatura, parece nao explicar os nossos resultados. Num modelo animal usando ratos, verificamos recentemente, que animais do sexo masculino tendem a sofrer mais as acoes toxicas desta droga. Neste trabalho constatamos que ratos machos tendem a apresentar litemias mais elevadas que ratas femeas. Esta mesma tendencia, se presente no homem, poderia explicar os nossos resultados
