Diagnostic performance, stability, and acceptability of self-collected saliva without additives for SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to a global pandemic. The molecular diagnosis of this virus is mostly performed by collecting upper respiratory samples, which has many disadvantages, including patient discomfort and the need for trained healthcare professionals. Although saliva has emerged as a more comfortable sample, the use of additives to preserve viral RNA is expensive and, in some cases, difficult for self-collection. METHOD: This study evaluated the diagnostic performance by RT-PCR and stability of self-collected saliva using wide-mouth specimen collection cups without stabilization and/or inactivation buffers for SARS-CoV-2 detection, compared to nasopharyngeal samples and saliva collected with additives. Additionally, the study assessed the acceptability of this sample collection method among participants and healthcare personnel. RESULTS: The study included 1281 volunteers with a 24.6% positive infection rate. Saliva demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance to nasopharyngeal samples, with a sensitivity of 87.6% and specificity of 99.6%, for a total percent agreement of 96.4%. The study also showed that viral RNA in saliva remained stable for at least 72 h at different temperatures. Notably, saliva samples without additives exhibited a lower RdRp Ct compared to samples with additives, suggesting that the absence of stabilization and/or inactivation buffers does not significantly affect its performance. The study highlighted the acceptability of saliva among patients and healthcare personnel due to its noninvasive nature and ease of collection. CONCLUSIONS: This research supports the implementation of self-collected saliva as a comfortable and user-friendly alternative sample for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.

IL-10-Dependent Amelioration of Chronic Inflammatory Disease by Microdose Subcutaneous Delivery of a Prototypic Immunoregulatory Small Molecule.

One of the interventional strategies to reestablish the immune effector/regulatory balance, that is typically altered in chronic inflammatory diseases (CID), is the reinforcement of endogenous immunomodulatory pathways as the one triggered by interleukin (IL)-10. In a recent work, we demonstrated that the subcutaneous (sc) administration of an IL-10/Treg-inducing small molecule-based formulation, using a repetitive microdose (REMID) treatment strategy to preferentially direct the effects to the regional immune system, delays the progression of atherosclerosis. Here we investigated whether the same approach using other IL-10-inducing small molecule, such as the safe, inexpensive, and widely available polyphenol curcumin, could induce a similar protective effect in two different CID models. We found that, in apolipoprotein E deficient mice, sc treatment with curcumin following the REMID strategy induced atheroprotection that was not consequence of its direct systemic lipid-modifying or antioxidant activity, but instead paralleled immunomodulatory effects, such as reduced proatherogenic IFNγ/TNFα-producing cells and increased atheroprotective FOXP3+ Tregs and IL-10-producing dendritic and B cells. Remarkably, when a similar strategy was used in the neuroinflammatory model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), significant clinical and histopathological protective effects were evidenced, and these were related to an improved effector/regulatory cytokine balance in restimulated splenocytes. The essential role of curcumin-induced IL-10 for neuroprotection was confirmed by the complete abrogation of the clinical effects in IL-10-deficient mice. Finally, the translational therapeutic prospection of this strategy was evidenced by the neuroprotection observed in mice starting the treatment one week after disease triggering. Collectively, results demonstrate the power of a simple natural IL-10-inducing small molecule to tackle chronic inflammation, when its classical systemic and direct pharmacological view is shifted towards the targeting of regional immune cells, in order to rationally harness its immunopharmacological potential. This shift implies that many well-known IL-10-inducing small molecules could be easily reformulated and repurposed to develop safe, innovative, and accessible immune-based interventions for CID.

Tamización y prevención del cáncer cervical causado por papilomavirus / Screening and prevention of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus

El papilomavirus humano (PVH) ha sido implicado como el agente causal del condiloma acuminado y de carcinomas anogenitales. Los papilomavirus son pequeños virus tumorales compuestos por DNA que infectan células epiteliales e inducen lesiones proliferativas. Los datos epidemiológicos en conjunto con estudios in vitro e in vivo han implicado los PVH en el desarrollo de estas enfermedades malignas epiteliales. Más del 90 de todos los carcinomas cervicales son positivos para la infección por PVH. La mayoría de estas lesiones son ocasionadas por tipos del PVH de alto riesgo. En esta revisión se analizan las propiedades biológicas básicas del PVH, los mecanismos de transformación celular, también los mecanismos del PVH asociados a la carcinogénesis en los huéspedes normales y en condiciones especiales como la gestación o en los pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El artículo plantea el importante papel que juega el tamizaje cervical oportuno y periódico en la prevención del cáncer, y de igual manera presenta al personal de salud la terminología adecuada y aceptada para el informe de los hallazgos citológicos. Finalmente, se describen las vacunas disponibles contra el PVH, su utilidad en la prevención y se mencionan las controversias que se han generado a su alrededor.

Preeclampsia: un problema complejo para enfrentar desde su fisiología / Preeclampsia: a complex problem to address since its physiology

La gestación es una condición fisiológica compleja que requiere de cambios en todos los sistemas orgánicos de la mujer y que compromete en gran medida adaptaciones cardiovasculares y hemodinámicas, así como cambios fisiológicos a nivel renal, hepático y endocrino. La preeclampsia es un síndrome específico de la gestación humana, cuyas características clínicas, hipertensión y proteinuria, aparecen un poco después de transcurrida la mitad de la gestación; estas características clínicas y las circunstancias ambientales y sociales que rodean la enfermedad, son de considerable cuidado por el impacto catastrófico que tiene sobre la salud y la vida tanto materna como fetal. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y las organizaciones médico-científicas de carácter internacional, han dispuesto de sistemas de clasificación de los desórdenes hipertensivos asociados al embarazo con el objetivo principal de facilitar el diagnóstico, el manejo y el seguimiento epidemiológico de estas condiciones, especialmente las relacionadas con la preeclampsia. Actualmente existe bastante información con respecto a la etiología y fisiopatogenia de la preeclampsia, y la identificación de los principales factores de riesgo asociados, que son recogidos en esta revisión. El equipo de salud debe jugar un papel activo en la implementación de estrategias que propicien la observación temprana, estricta, consciente y crítica de todas las maternas para identificar sutiles alteraciones y anticiparse a los eventos catastróficos asociados con los trastornos hipertensivos.