Incidence of PSMA PET thyroid incidentaloma depends on analysis method and tracer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidences of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) thyroid incidentaloma (PTI) using different methods to define PTI, to compare the incidence of PTI among different PSMA PET tracers, and to evaluate the clinical consequences of PTI. METHODS: PSMA PET/CT scans in consecutive patients with primary prostate cancer were analyzed for the presence of PTI using a structured visual (SV) analysis reporting any elevated thyroidal uptake; a semi-quantitative (SQ) analysis using a SUVmax thyroid/bloodpool (t/b) ratio ≥ 2.0 as cutoff; and an analysis of PTI incidence in the clinical reports (RV analysis). RESULTS: A total of 502 patients were included. The incidence of PTIs was 22% in the SV analysis, 7% in the SQ analysis, and 2% in the RV analysis. PTI incidences differed significantly from 29 to 64% (SQ, resp. SV analysis) for [18F]PSMA-1007, 7 to 23% for [68Ga]PSMA-11, 2 to 8% for [18F]DCFPyL, and to 0% for [18F]PSMA-JK-7. The majority of PTI in the SV and SQ analyses consisted of diffuse (72-83%) and/or only slightly elevated thyroidal uptake (70%). Inter-observer agreement in the SV analysis was substantial (kappa = 0.76-0.78). During follow-up (median 16.8 months), there were no thyroid-related adverse events except in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PTI varies greatly among different PSMA PET tracers and is strongly dependent on the analysis method applied. PTI may safely be restricted to focal thyroidal uptake with a SUVmax t/b ratio ≥ 2.0. The clinical pursuit of a PTI must be weighed up to the expected outcome of the underlying disease. KEY POINTS: • Thyroid incidentalomas (PTIs) are recognized in PSMA PET/CT. • Incidence of PTI varies greatly among PET tracers and analysis methods. • Incidence of thyroid-related adverse events in PTI cases is low.

The co-occurrence of both breast- and differentiated thyroid cancer: incidence, association and clinical implications for daily practice.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) and differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) are two common cancer types with the highest incidence in women. BC and TC can develop synchronous or metachronous and the occurrence of both is higher than expected by chance. This study aimed to examine the association between BC and TC in the Netherlands. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study during the period of 1989-2020 retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Patients diagnosed with BC-TC and BC alone as control group and TC-BC and TC alone as control group were included. The primary outcome was the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of BC-TC and TC-BC. Secondary outcomes included data on the demographics, type of malignancy, treatment and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The incidence of TC among 318.002 women with BC (BC-TC) was 0.1% (423 patients) (SIR = 1.86 (95% CI: 1.40-2.32)) and the incidence of BC among 12,370 patients with TC (TC-BC) was 2.9% (355 patients) (SIR = 1.46 (95% CI: 1.09-1.83)). BC-TC patients were younger compared to the BC alone group at BC diagnosis (55 vs 60 years, p < 0.001). The age-adjusted odds ratio to develop TC was not significantly increased for patients who received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Most TC cases were synchronous tumors after BC diagnosis (19%) with a TNM stage 1. Only 6% of the BC tumors after TC occurred synchronous with a TNM stage 1 in most cases. The OS of all groups was the most favorable in patients with both BC and TC compared to BC- and TC alone. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The SIR of TC after BC diagnosis and BC after TC diagnosis was higher than predicted based on the rates of the general population. TC and BC as second primary tumors were diagnosed in an early stage and did not affect overall survival. Therefore, Dutch women who have been treated for BC or TC require no special surveillance for their thyroid- and breast gland.

Retrospective analysis of PSMA PET/CT thyroid incidental uptake in adults: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment/outcome in a tertiary cancer referral center and University Medical Center.

PURPOSE: A prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) thyroid incidentaloma (PTI) is an unexpected, PSMA-avid thyroid lesion, newly detected during the investigation of an unrelated condition using PSMA PET/CT. The aim of this study is to examine the incidence and clinical significance of PTI and the associated management strategies since the implementation of the PSMA PET/CT scan. METHODS: This study involves a retrospective cohort study of 61 PTI cases depicted on PSMA PET/CT scans performed between January 2016 and July 2021, almost exclusively for (re)staging prostate cancer. The medical records of the included cases were retrospectively reviewed and data of the PSMA PET/CT scans, primary malignancy, thyroid diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up were collected. RESULTS: PTI was reported in 1.1% of the patients who underwent oncologic PSMA PET/CT scans included in this study. Two PTI cases had a histologically proven thyroid cancer: one a benign thyroid lesion and one a metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. In none of the cases in whom any form of further thyroid workup was withheld, the PTI became clinically relevant during follow-up (median 1.8 years (1.1-3.3)). Six patients (10%) died due to their primary cancer. CONCLUSION: The incidence of thyroid incidentalomas on PSMA PET/CT was low (1.1%) in this large, two-center experience. Less than half of the PTI cases were analyzed and the risk of malignancy, despite being low, was not negligible. The clinical outcome was good using a standard diagnostic workup for PTI, while the prognosis of the patient was determined by the primary malignancy. The consideration to analyze and treat PTI cases should be part of the shared decision-making in cancer patients.

Retrospective Analyses of 18FDG-PET/CT Thyroid Incidentaloma in Adults: Incidence, Treatment, and Outcome in a Tertiary Cancer Referral Center.

Background: A thyroid incidentaloma (TI) is an unexpected, asymptomatic thyroid lesion discovered during the investigation of an unrelated condition. The aim of the present study is to examine the incidence of 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) TI, the associated management strategies and the outcomes in a tertiary cancer referral center. Methods: This study involves a retrospective cohort study of 1003 patients with TI found on 18FDG-PET/CT scans performed between January 2010 and January 2020 for a nonthyroidal malignancy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analyses in patients concerning an underlying malignancy, with a prevalence of 5% or higher in this cohort. Logistic- and cox regression analyses were performed to analyze predictors of thyroid malignancy and mortality. A propensity score weighted method was used to control for baseline differences between the intervention (additional TI diagnostics) and control (no TI diagnostics) group. Results: FDG-positive TI occurred in 1.9% (1003/52,693) of the oncologic 18FDG-PET/CT scans performed in our center. Thyroid surgery was performed in 47 patients (6%) and a thyroid malignancy was detected in 31 of them, which is 66% of those who had an operation and 4% of all patients. During the follow-up (median 6 years), 334 deaths (42%) related to different types of cancer (38%) or other causes (4%) were observed. One patient died from medullary thyroid cancer. In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender and the type- and stage of nonthyroidal malignancy, were independent predictors of survival (P < .05). Conclusions: The incidence of TI in this tertiary cancer referral center was comparable to current literature. Further thyroid workup was performed in less than half of the patients, and only a minority of patients underwent thyroid surgery. Since only one patient died from thyroid cancer, the strategy to withhold from thyroid diagnostics and treatment seems valid for most TI. Active thyroid treatment might benefit a subgroup of patients in whom the primary nonthyroidal malignancy is successfully treated or presumably stable. A wait-and-see policy with ultrasound follow-up could be an alternative strategy. These considerations should be part of the shared decision making in cancer patients with a TI.

The Effect of Radioactive Iodine Therapy on Ovarian Function and Fertility in Female Thyroid Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is one of the most common carcinomas diagnosed in adolescents and young adults, with a rapidly rising incidence for the past three decades. Surgery is the standard treatment for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), and when indicated, followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of RAI therapy on ovarian function and fertility in women. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched up to January 2020. In addition, a meta-analyses were performed for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels after RAI, comparison of AMH levels prior and 1 year after RAI, and pregnancy rates in patient with thyroid cancer receiving RAI compared with patients with thyroid cancer who did not receive RAI. Results: A total of 36 studies were eligible for full-text screening and 22 studies were included. The majority of the studies had a retrospective design. Menstrual irregularities were present in the first year after RAI in 12% and up to 31% of the patients. Approximately 8-16% of the patients experienced amenorrhea in the first year after RAI. Women who received RAI treatment (median dose 3700 MBq [range 1110-40,700 MBq]); had menopause at a slightly younger age compared with women who did not receive RAI treatment, 49.5 and 51 years, respectively (p < 0.001). Pooled AMH of the seven studies reporting AMH concentrations after RAI was 1.79 ng/mL. Of these, four studies reported AMH concentrations prior and 1 year after RAI. The mean difference was 1.50 ng/mL, which was significant. Finally, meta-analysis showed that patients undergoing RAI were not at a decreased risk of becoming pregnant. Conclusions: Most of the studies indicate that RAI therapy for DTC is not associated with a long-term decrease in pregnancy rates although meta-analyses show a significant decrease in AMH levels after RAI therapy. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results. We recommend counseling patients about the possible effects of 131I and incorporate today's knowledge in multidisciplinary counseling.