[Cataract surgeries in 1820-1900]. / Operacje zacmy w latach 1820-1900.

This work tries to present the evolution of the opinions on cataract and the methods of its therapy in Warsaw and Galician research centres in the period of 1820-1900. A lot of attention has been paid mainly to the methods of cataract operation, the ways of preparing the patient for surgery, intra- and postoperating complications, the methods of dressing the wound after operation. This study has been based on historical literature and on such papers like "Gazeta Lekarska" ("Medical Newspaper"), "Tygodnik Lekarski" ("Medical Weekly") and other similar documents as well as on the "Lecture about the diseases of the visual organ in human being" by Prof. Szokalski written in 1869.

[Application of automated perimetry in diagnosis of macular diseases]. / Przydatnosc kliniczna perymetrii statycznej w diagnostyce chorób plamki.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of automated perimetry application in diagnosis of macular diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Examinations were performed in 27 patients with central chorioretinopathy (CSCR), 29 patients with diabetic maculopathy, 12 patients with drusen, 13 patients with macular hole, 55 patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and 23 healthy volunteers. Central visual fields were tested with automated threshold-measuring perimetry using the LED-PERS perimeter. Localisation, depth and spread of defect in central visual field were estimated. All threshold values, mean sensitivity, fixation, fluctuation and visual acuity were calculated. Statistical comparison of examined parameters and multidimensional analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed using software. RESULTS: Significant differences were found when comparing all threshold values, mean sensitivity, fixation and fluctuation between the control and the other groups, and between patients with CSCR, with drusen and with AMD. Good results of MANOVA were obtained in 3 distinguishable classes between patients with CSCR, diabetic maculopathy and AMD. Positive correlation between threshold values of fields and visual acuity was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Automated perimetry has been confirmed to be very useful in differential diagnosis of patients with macular diseases.

[The effect of various illumination sources on dynamics of selected visual functions]. / Wplyw róznych zródel swiatla na dynamiké wybracnych funkcji wzrokowych.

The ever-increasing use of sodium discharge lamp, being most economical among all of this type has evoked a wave of studies on the action of this lighting source. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the effect of illumination provided by this new type of high-pressure sodium discharge lamp with improved coefficiency of transmitting the colours (HPSM) on selected visual functions, as well as to compare with results having been established in illumination by filament lamps (GL) and standard sodium discharge lamp (HPS). HPSM are more closer to white light, thus more profitable for sight physiology system and central nervous system than standard sodium discharge lamps. The intention fo the paper was to obtain the answer whether in comparison with filament and standard high-pressure sodium discharge lamp, the new mode of illumination provides better psychophysical conditions complying with the used ergonomic principles, and if there is any possibility for HPSM to be applied for illuminating the closed spaces. The study involved 63 persons, aged from 17 to 54 years. The comparative group comprised 50 persons, who were subjected to the tests with filament and standard sodium illumination. All the studied subjects were divided into 3 age groups (I-to 30 years, II-31-40 years, III-over 41 years). The following visual functions were studied: acuity of far looking vision, proximity visual point, field of vision, time of conscious reaction minimal, medium and maximal, and the number of mistakes during the performed test, convergent, divergence fusion for distance and proximity as well as manual spatial visual localization. All the said examinations were carried out three times within morning hours and in this way gaining the possibility of evaluating the dynamics of functional changes in time (Fig. 1-9). The obtained results were compared with those established after having performed the same tests under standard sodium lighting and filament illumination. Conclusions resulting from the performed studies: 1. The obtained results provide confirmation of stimulating effect of both sources of sodium lighting exerted on the central nervous system. 2. This effect was expressed by: improved visual acuity for distance and reduced number of mistakes at the time of reaction as well as selection in all the age groups, increased divergence fusion for proximity point in persons of I group as well as pertaining to the peripheral visual field in all the studied age groups. 4. All of the above features become evident particularly strongly during the evaluation of the dynamics of the cited functions. 5. The obtained results suggest that the use of HPSM for illuminating rooms could be worth trying.

[Effect of various light sources on visual functions in the age aspect. I. Conscious reaction time and the manual spatial visual localization]. / Wplyw róznych zródel swiatla na funkcje wzrokowe w aspekcie wieku. I. Czas swiadomej reakcji i wzrokowa lokalizacja przestrzenna reczna.

The authors present the results of investigations performed in 28 right-handed, normally seeing persons divided into 2 groups: 15 of them were in productive age and 13 in older age. The authors compared the dynamics of the behaviour of the visual functions in dependence on the age of the subjects and the stay in the glow and sodium light. No adverse influence of the sodium light on the hand localization could be detected, instead it seems that it negatively influenced the selective reaction in older productive persons in the sense of an increased number of faults.

[Effect of various light sources on visual functions in the age aspect. II. Visual acuity, the range of accommodation and fusion and the visual field]. / Wplyw róznych zródel swiatla na funkcje wzrokowe w aspekcie wieku. II. Ostrosc wzroku, zakres akomodacji, zakres fuzji, pole widzenia.

The authors performed examinations in 15 middle aged persons and in 13 persons of older productive age in conditions of equivalent illumination, first the glow one, then the sodium one of 600 lx value at the stand of examination. They observed the dynamics of selected visual functions as the time went by in the forenoon hours. The group of older persons tolerated worse the sodium light and in both age groups one could observe the receding of the visual near point. The authors analyze the remaining visual functions in both conditions of illumination.

[Dynamics of visual functions in the conditions of glow and sodium lighting. I. Visual acuity, accommodation, flicker fusion, visual field and heterophoria]. / Ocena dynamiki funkcji wzrokowych w warunkach oswietlenia zarowego i sodowego. I. Ostrosc wzroku, akomodacja, fuzja, pole widzenia, heteroforia.

Investigations of the functions cited in the title were performed in 23 persons with a normal visual system in conditions of equal illumination, first the glow and the next day or later--the sodium one. All the tests were carried out three times in the morning hours evaluating in this way their dynamics as the time goes. The authors are analyzing the degree of the variability of the discussed functions in the time, as well as their behaviour in conditions of applied illumination. The results obtained suggest that in conditions of illumination by a high-pressure sodium lamp no negative characteristics of this source of light emerged. Deterioration of a small degree was observed only in the range of accommodation for near.

[Dynamics of visual functions in the conditions of glow and sodium lighting. II. Time of conscious reaction and visual space-hand localization]. / Ocena dynamiki funkcji wzrokowych w warunkach oswietlenia zarowego i sodowego. II. Czas swiadomej reakcji i wzrokowa lokalizacja przestrzenna reczna.

The authors present the results of investigations performed in 20 young persons with normal sight. A trial of evaluation of the strain of the central nervous system in conditions of various kind of lighting was carried out basing on its close connection with the visual hand localization as well as with the time of the conscious reaction. Analyzed was the behaviour of the quoted functions as the time passed during the morning hours and the results of the examinations obtained in conditions of glow and sodium illumination were compared. They suggest a favourable influence of the sodium light on the discussed functions.

[Dynamics of visual hand localization in the 24-hour observation of persons working under conditions of additional loads]. / Dynamika wzrokowej lokalizacji recznej w obserwacji calodobowej pracowników zatrudnionych w warunkach obciazen dodatkowych.

Examined--by means of a Starkiewicz's hand localizer--were 170 right-hand workers of a paper factory working in conditions of excessive noise and high temperature of the surroundings. Analyzed were 140 persons tested 4 times in the period of each production shift (6.00-14.00; 14.00-22.00, and 22.00-6.00). The analysis showed the maximal efficacy of the visual function of the hand localization in the range of the right-hand and in the course of the night shift in both age groups.