ABSTRACT
Starting from screening hit, (4S,7R)-1,7,8,8-tetramethyl-2-phenyl-1,2,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-4,7-methano-indazol-3-one (7), we optimized the potency and pharmacokinetic properties. This led to the identification of compounds with good in vivo activity in a mouse pharmacodynamic model of inhibition of 11ßHSD1.
Subject(s)
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Camphor/chemistry , Drug Discovery , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazolones/chemical synthesis , Pyrazolones/pharmacology , 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/metabolism , Animals , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Female , Hydrocortisone/blood , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mice , Molecular Structure , RatsABSTRACT
The beneficial effects of thyroid hormone (TH) on lipid levels are primarily due to its action at the thyroid hormone receptor ß (THR-ß) in the liver, while adverse effects, including cardiac effects, are mediated by thyroid hormone receptor α (THR-α). A pyridazinone series has been identified that is significantly more THR-ß selective than earlier analogues. Optimization of this series by the addition of a cyanoazauracil substituent improved both the potency and selectivity and led to MGL-3196 (53), which is 28-fold selective for THR-ß over THR-α in a functional assay. Compound 53 showed outstanding safety in a rat heart model and was efficacious in a preclinical model at doses that showed no impact on the central thyroid axis. In reported studies in healthy volunteers, 53 exhibited an excellent safety profile and decreased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) at once daily oral doses of 50 mg or higher given for 2 weeks.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta/agonists , Uracil/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Bone Density/drug effects , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Pyridazines/metabolism , Pyridazines/pharmacology , Pyridazines/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , Uracil/chemical synthesis , Uracil/metabolism , Uracil/pharmacology , Uracil/therapeutic useABSTRACT
RATIONALE: Rescuing adverse myocardial remodeling is an unmet clinical goal and, correspondingly, pharmacological means for its intended reversal are urgently needed. OBJECTIVES: To harness a newly-developed experimental model recapitulating progressive heart failure development for the discovery of new drugs capable of reversing adverse remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS: A VEGF-based conditional transgenic system was employed in which an induced perfusion deficit and a resultant compromised cardiac function lead to progressive remodeling and eventually heart failure. Ability of candidate drugs administered at sequential remodeling stages to reverse hypertrophy, enlarged LV size and improve cardiac function was monitored. Arguing for clinical relevance of the experimental system, clinically-used drugs operating on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS), namely, the ACE inhibitor Enalapril and the direct renin inhibitor Aliskerin fully reversed remodeling. Remodeling reversal by these drugs was not accompanied by neovascularization and reached a point-of-no-return. Similarly, the PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone was proven capable of reversing all aspects of cardiac remodeling without affecting the vasculature. Extending the arsenal of remodeling-reversing drugs to pathways other than RAAS, a specific inhibitor of 11ß-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß HSD1), a key enzyme required for generating active glucocorticoids, fully rescued myocardial hypertrophy. This was associated with mitigating the hypertrophy-associated gene signature, including reversing the myosin heavy chain isoform switch but in a pattern distinguishable from that associated with neovascularization-induced reversal. CONCLUSIONS: A system was developed suitable for identifying novel remodeling-reversing drugs operating in different pathways and for gaining insights into their mechanisms of action, exemplified here by uncoupling their vascular affects.
Subject(s)
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Cardiomegaly/drug therapy , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects , 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/genetics , 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1/metabolism , Animals , Cardiomegaly/enzymology , Cardiomegaly/genetics , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolismABSTRACT
We designed and synthesized a novel series of phenylamino- and phenoxy-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as GPR119 agonists. SAR studies indicated that electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring are important for potency and full efficacy. Compound 26 combined good potency with a promising pharmacokinetic profile in mice, and lowered the glucose excursion in mice in an oral glucose-tolerance test.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Animals , Humans , Mice , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Potency with potential: 2-Phenoxy-nicotinamides were identified as potent agonists at the GPBAR1 receptor, a target in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies supported by homology modeling and docking resulted in the identification of optimized GPBAR1 agonists, potent against both human and mouse receptors, endowed with favorable physicochemical properties and good metabolic stability.
