ABSTRACT
Cats, injured by a mechanical plus hypoxic model of traumatic brain injury, were treated by intracisternal injection of a modified loop diuretic (L-644,711). This drug inhibits the chloride/bicarbonate anion exchange transport system. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mortality from 61 to 21%, and an improvement in both neurological status and EEG activity of the surviving animals. The dose of drug given intracisternally was at least 175 times less than the dosage we previously found was needed to achieve a comparable effect when the drug was given intravenously. The present results suggest that certain types of head injury can be treated by drugs which affect cellular anion transport processes in the brain.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/drug therapy , Brain Injuries/drug therapy , Fluorenes/administration & dosage , Hypoxia/drug therapy , Animals , Brain Diseases/mortality , Brain Diseases/physiopathology , Brain Injuries/mortality , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Cats , Cisterna Magna , Electroencephalography , Fluorenes/therapeutic use , Hypoxia/mortality , Hypoxia/physiopathology , Injections , Nervous System/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Our initial paper discussed brain edema resulting from traumatic head injury and the need for specific and effective agents to treat the disorder and disclosed a novel approach for the discovery of a drug of this kind. The current study describes the synthesis of a series of [(2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-3-oxo-9a-substituted-1H-fluoren-7-yl)oxy]alk anoic acids and their analogues. These compounds were evaluated in an in vitro cerebrocortical tissue slice assay for their relative potencies in inhibiting K+ + HCO3- induced swelling. Structural modification at a number of sites in the "lead" compound revealed that significant biological activity was inherent only within a very narrow range of structural types. The observation that nearly all the biological activity resided in one of the two enantiomers demonstrated the marked stereospecificity of the most active compounds. One of the most potent compounds, (R)-(+)-[(5,6-dichloro-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-3-oxo-9a-propyl-1H-fluoren -7-yl) oxy]acetic acid ((+)-5c), exhibited a dose-response relationship in the in vivo acceleration/deceleration brain edema assay, and the data from the two highest doses were statistically significant. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the perivascular astroglial swelling that arises from this procedure is abolished in the animals treated with (+)-5c. This compound is currently being evaluated for its clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of traumatic head injury.
Subject(s)
Brain Edema/drug therapy , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Cats , Chlorides/metabolism , Craniocerebral Trauma/complications , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Guinea Pigs , Neuroglia/ultrastructure , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
The use of isotopic substitution to retard the oxidative metabolism of the gastric antisecretory agent N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-N'-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea (1) and improve its antisecretory potency was examined. The pyridine ring methyl hydrogens of 1 were replaced with either deuterium or fluorine. The hexadeuterated analogue (12) was found to be approximately 2.1 times more potent than the protio form (1) as an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion stimulated by gastrin tetrapeptide. The hexafluoro analogue (11) was 0.4 times as potent as 1. A useful pyridine ring synthesis was developed to prepare the metabolites of 1, 10a (4-hydroxymethyl) and 10b (6-hydroxymethyl), and the hexafluoro analogue 11. These syntheses involved the condensation of 1,3-diketones with an appropriately N-substituted amidinoacetate.
Subject(s)
Gastric Juice/metabolism , Methylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , Biotransformation , Deuterium , Dogs , Gastric Juice/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Methylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Methylurea Compounds/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of aminoalkyl-substituted pyridylureas has been prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. N,N-Dimethyl-N'-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-N'-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea (8g) was the most potent example of the class. Comparison of this compound with cimetidine showed it to be equipotent in dogs stimulated with gastrin tetrapeptide but approximately half as potent in dogs stimulated with histamine. Inhibition of secretion does not appear to result from antagonism of the histamine H2 receptor, since the compounds show only weak inhibition of the H2 receptor in vitro.
Subject(s)
Gastric Acid/metabolism , Pyridines/pharmacology , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Cimetidine/pharmacology , Dogs , Female , Histamine/pharmacology , Tetragastrin/pharmacology , Urea/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Two series of compounds related to cimetidine and tiotidine were synthesized as part of a study to evaluate the importance of conformational parameters in binding at histamine H2 receptors. The flexible methylthioethyl connecting chain was replaced by a conformationally restricting phenylene unit. These compounds were evaluated for antagonism of the dimaprit-stimulated chronotropic response in the guinea pig atrium and inhibition of histamine stimulated secretion of gastric acid in the dog. In both series, biological activity is markedly dependent on the m-phenylene regioisomers. Histamine H2-receptor activity is retained in both series; however, in the tiotidine series, gastric antisecretory activity is significantly improved. Regardless of the end group, N-cyanoguanidine 1,1-diamino-2-nitroethene or 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide, each 3 3-(2-guanidino-4-thiazolyl)phenyl analogue was ca. 8 and 90 times more potent intravenously than tiotidine and cimetidine, respectively. The electronic influences of the phenylene unit on biological activity were also evaluated. It was concluded that the geometric constraints imposed by the m-phenylene connecting element were more important than electronic factors in binding events at the histamine H2 receptor.
Subject(s)
Benzene Derivatives/chemical synthesis , Cimetidine/pharmacology , Folic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Guanidines/pharmacology , Histamine H2 Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism , Receptors, Histamine/metabolism , Animals , Biological Assay , Cimetidine/analogs & derivatives , Dogs , Folic Acid/chemical synthesis , Folic Acid/pharmacology , Gastric Juice/drug effects , Gastric Juice/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Heart Atria/drug effects , Histamine H2 Antagonists/pharmacology , Indicators and Reagents , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Receptors, Histamine H2/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazoles/pharmacologySubject(s)
Gastric Acid/metabolism , Histamine H2 Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Binding, Competitive/drug effects , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry , Cimetidine/pharmacology , Dihydrotestosterone/metabolism , Dogs , Guinea Pigs , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Rats , Stereoisomerism , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
A series of N-substituted 2-mercaptoacetamidines was synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in dogs stimulated with gastrin tetrapeptide. The most potent analogues showed 80--95% inhibition of acid secretion after an oral dose of 8 mg/kg. Thus, these compounds represent a new structural type having significant antisecretory activity. Disulfides had essentially the same antisecretory potency as the corresponding mercaptoacetamidines, indicating a metabolic interconversion. Alkylation of the mercapto group decreased potency. Higher carboxamidine homologues such as 2- and 3-mercaptopropionamidines had very low activity. Hydroxyacetamidines and mercaptoacetamides also had low potency. Side effects observed with this series of compounds included emesis, tachycardia, and gastric bleeding.
