Architecture of the caudal vena cava wall of the dog at the level of the liver caudate lobe.

The vascular segment of the caudal vena cava of the dog at the level of the caudate lobe was shown to be intimately related to hepatic tissue through the hepatic capsule and parenchyma. The tunica adventitia of the caudal vena cava was formed mainly by smooth muscle cells with collagen and elastic fibers arranged in bundles. The thin tunica media of the vein was also formed by smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibers arranged in bundles. The tunica intima presented an elastic subendothelial network. The hepatic segment of the caudal vena cava showed a myoconnective architecture and propulsive characteristics in terms of its hemodynamic pattern.

Structural characteristics of the superior venae cavae wall at the intrapericardium segment in adults and aging individuals.

The authors admit that the conjunctive-muscular constitution of the walls of the superior venae cavae throughout the length of the intrapericardium segment and the debouchement in the right atrium, associated with the presence of a myocardium sheath can be made up of a functional device of sphincter form able to act on the control of the blood flow to the interior of the arterial chamber as well as stopping blood flow during the arterial systole. The fixation of the venous wall to the deep chamber of the serous pericardium, contributes to growth in resistance during the elevation of venous pressure, making possible the preservation of integrity of the superior venae cavae. The expansion of fasciculi of nodal fibers in the right wall of the superior venae cavae permits that the unlocked impulse in the S-A node also reaches the vascular wall contributing to the shortening and diminuation in caliber of the vein.

Anatomic observations of the coronary sinus in the dog (Canis familiaris).

The coronary sinus was investigated in 34 normal adult dogs, in order to verify its formation, tributaries, length and the valves, as well as the relationship of the venous walls to the epicardium and to the myocardium. The valve of the coronary sinus was observed in only 4 cases (1.7%). In 30 cases (98.3%) the ostium of the coronary sinus was lacking a valve. The valve of Vieussens double, was found at the level of the transition between the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus, as well as others parietal venous valves. A comparison with the human pattern was made, particularly regarding the action of the valve of the coronary sinus and the formation of the sinus.

[Structural aspects of the walls of the human coronary sinus]. / Aspects structuraux des parois du sinus coronaire humain.

The authors studied the structure and the disposition of the connective-muscular tissue components of the superficial (epicardiac) and deep (myocardiac) walls of the coronary sinus. The connections of the coronary sinus walls to epicardium and myocardium, through septums fibrous of the perimisium, may play the role of increasing the resistence of the walls during the elevation of the venous pression. The presence of voluminous fascicles of circular and oblique cardiac muscle fibers coming from myocardium walls of the atria, that completely turning around the superficial wall of the sinus, to our knowledge, it would act as a functional sphincteric dispositive, able to maintain impulse of blood-stream and even to prevent blood reflux during atrial presystole. The authors, also, presented the structure and the function of the coronary sinus and Vieussens valves.

Anatomic data of the human coronary sinus.

The authors studied the formation, tributaries, length and the ostium of the coronary sinus, as well as the relationship of the venous walls to the myocardium and to the epicardium. The observations were made out of 143 hearts of subjects of different ages, and it was found that the most frequent display of the coronary sinus valve was a semilunar form (52 adults, 15 youngsters, 2 children, 3 newborn); it was also found valves in a cribriform or septal form. The absence of the valve of coronary sinus was noted in 53 cases (42 adults, 9 youngsters, 2 newborn). The valve of Vieussens was found, in some cases, at the level of the transition between the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus, as well as others single or double parietal venous valves. The action of the valve of coronary sinus is also discussed by the authors.

Anatomical observations of the testicular veins.

The medico-surgeon interests in relation to testicular veins, lead the author to realize anatomical observations of the right and left testicular veins in 40 cadavers, with the purpose to verify the number of veins to each other antimere, the variability in its modes of termination, the angles that form at the confluency levels, as well as the presence and the number of ostial and parietal venous valves. The obtained finds by the authors, are considered extremely valid and helpful to the specialists of the medical area, when of realization of testicular phlebography. The varicocele appearance in these veins was motive of discussion by the authors too.

Structural features of the human testicular veins walls.

The authors observed the microscopic anatomy of both left and right testicular veins, of young and old subjects, as well as the structure of the ostial and parietal venous valves. They verified that the testicular veins walls are of a conjunctive muscular nature, showing at the discharge level, besides the ostial valves, the presence of a functional dispositive that modulates the blood flow into the inferior cava and left renal veins. The authors present a functional interpretation of the architectonic structure of the tissue components from these propelling veins. It is also discussed the causes that lead to the appearance of varices.

[Anatomo-microscopic study of the walls of the superior cerebral veins]. / Etude anatomo-microscopique des parois des veines cérébrales supérieures.

The authors studied the structure and disposition of the tissue components of the tunicae of the superior cerebral veins at the levels of the subdural space and of the superior sagittal sinus. It was observed that, at the level of the transition vein-sinus, the tunica adventitia is formed by numerous and voluminous fascicles of collagenic fibers and thin elastic fibers, which describe system spirals more opened distant to the superior sagittal sinus. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers, which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the lateral, superior and inferior walls of the sinus, there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporated to the vascular walls after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen. The authors admit that this dispositive connective collagenic-elastic, more the presence of the septums fibrous of the venous walls, give to the superior cerebral veins one property of the lengthening and of the shortening of the walls, in order to regulate the blood debit to the sinus. Also, ist was noted that, at the level of the subdural space, vascular walls exhibits a fibrous structure similar to that of the sinus, and are fixed to the interne face of the cranial dura-mater, to the lateral wall of the sinus and to the falx cerebri. These adherences contribute to preserve the integrity of the walls and even of the resistance during the elevation of the venous pression, preventing to the collapsus of these veins.

[Anatomical study of the superior cerebral veins]. / Etude anatomique des veines cérébrales supérieures.

The authors describe the number, courses, fixations and dispositions of the superior cerebral veins at the levels of the subdural space and of the superior sagittal sinus. It was observed that the superior cerebral veins have different courses to the superior sagittal sinus, and that these vascular walls are fixed to the intern face of the cranial dura-mater and to the lateral wall of the sinus. Frequently, the wall of the posterior vein adheres to the falx cerebri, presenting ascendant trajet to the inferior wall of the sinus. It was noted that the anterior veins open into the superolateral angle of the superior sagittal sinus, forming an acute forwards and right angle with it; the middle veins open near to the inferior angle of the sinus, with which they form an acute forwards or a right angle; the posterior veins enter the inferior angle of the sinus, forming an acute forwards angle with it. The authors confirm the superior cerebral veins draining into the superior sagittal sinus in sense favorable the current of the blood within it.

[Anatomomicroscopic study of the transition of the sigmoid sinus--1st portion of the internal jugular vein in the monkey Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758. Comparative study]. / Etude anatomo-microscopique de la transition du sinus sigmoideus--première portion de la veine jugulaire interne sur le singe, Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758. Etude comparée à ceux de l'homme.

The author verified that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and first portion of the internal jugular vein in the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) begins at the level of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, extends by the wall of the initial portion of the mentioned vessel, which is in the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen, up to the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Was observed in Cebus apella, like in man, that the superior two thirds of the first portion of the internal jugular vein have fibro-elastic structure, as well as the fibrous-muscular nature of the inferior third of this vessel. The tunica intima is almost essentially elastic. Collagenic and elastic fibers which originate from the bony border of the jugular foramen incorporate to venous wall after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen. This arrangement constitute important elements for the dilatation, lengthening, shortening and even of reinforced of the walls of the internal jugular vein during the movements of the head. Comparatively, however, these vascular segments are disposed in transversal and frontal planes.

Mesoscopic study on the bulbus venae jugularis superior.

Mesoscopic observations on the bulbus venae jugularis superior showed that the anterolateral wall is strongly joined to the vaginae conjunctivi of the nervi glossopharyngeus, vagus, accessorius, to the wall of the sinus petrosus inferior and to the fossa jugularis. The posteromedial wall is weakly attached to the incisura jugularis os occipitale. At the level of the inferior bony border of the foramen jugulare, the vascular wall is adhesive to the periosteum and is reinforced by fibrous septum which originate from the superior portion of the vagina carotica.

Contribution to the study of the styloid prominence in the posterior tympanic cavity.

70 human temporal bones were analyzed with the aif of an otologic microscope. The styloid prominence was found to be extremely variable in shape, location and occurrence. Depending on the degree of development, the prominence establishes important relationships with the sinus tympani, with the fossula of the cochlear fenestra, and with the suprapyramidal recess. Serial sections were used to study the relationship of the styloid process with the facial nerve inside the bony mass of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.

[Mesoscopic and microscopic aspects of the hypoglossal nerve (author's transl)]. / Mesoskopische und mikroskopische Betrachtungen des N. hypoglossus.

Mesoscopic observations on the hypoglossal nerve at the level of the superior portion of the hýpoglossal canal, show that this nerve is separated by bundles, which are attached to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal by means of numerous fibrous septum disposed transversally to the lumen of the canal. The union of the bundles constituting the trunk of the hypoglossal nerve only occurs near this emergency of the base skull through of the hypoglossal canal. One of this nervous bundles described stretch adhesive to the wall of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal, while the others are disposed centrally to the lumen of the canal. The central bundle and the fibrous septum delimit tha vascular compartments of the venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal. Microscopically, connective sheaths around the nervous bundles composed of fascicles of circular, oblique, longitudinal collagenic fibers were observed.

[Relations of the rectus capitis lateralis muscle with the first portion of the internal jugular vein (author's transl)]. / Rapports du muscle droit latéral de la tête avec la première partie de la veine jugulaire interne.

During the dissections, the authors observed the close relation between the rectus capitis lateralis muscles and the posteromedial surface of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, as well as its attachment to the external surface of the carotid sheath. The topographic relation between this muscle and the jugular internal vein, constitutes an important protection and even a backing factor to the walls of this blood vessel. The authors also admite the possibility of this muscle interference in the caliber of the vein during the head movements.