Gender differences in adult atopic dermatitis and clinical implication: Results from a nationwide multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that affects both children and adults. However, limited research has been conducted on gender differences in AD. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess gender differences in adult AD patients, focusing on demographic and clinical features, comorbidities and treatment approaches. METHODS: In this multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study, we enrolled 686 adult patients with AD (357 males and 329 females). For each patient, we collected demographic data (age and sex), anthropometric measurements (weight, height, hip circumference, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio), clinical information (onset age, disease duration, severity, itching intensity, impact on quality of life) and noted comorbidities (metabolic, atopic and other). We recorded past and current topical and systemic treatments. We analysed all collected data using statistical techniques appropriate for both quantitative and qualitative variables. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was employed to evaluate the relationships among all clinical characteristics of the patients. RESULTS: We found no differences in age at onset, disease duration, severity and quality of life impact between males and females. Males exhibited higher rates of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypertension. No significant gender differences were observed in atopic or other comorbidities. Treatment approaches were overlapping, except for greater methotrexate use in males. MCA revealed distinct patterns based on gender, disease severity, age of onset, treatment and quality of life. Adult males with AD had severe disease, extensive treatments and poorer quality of life, while adult females had milder disease, fewer treatments and moderate quality of life impact. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that gender differences in adult AD patients are largely due to inherent population variations rather than disease-related disparities. However, it highlights potential undertreatment of females with moderate AD and quality of life impact, emphasizing the need for equitable AD treatment. JAK inhibitors may offer a solution for gender-based therapeutic parity.

Comorbidities and treatment patterns in adult patients with atopic dermatitis: results from a nationwide multicenter study.

Adult atopic dermatitis (adult AD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder, whose relationship with immune-allergic and metabolic comorbidities is not well established yet. Moreover, treatment of mild-to-moderate and severe atopic dermatitis needs standardization among clinicians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of comorbidities, including metabolic abnormalities, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, alopecia and sleep disturbance, according to severity of adult AD, and describe treatments most commonly used by Italian dermatologists. Retrospective, observational, nationwide study of adult patients over a 2-year period was performed. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained through review of medical records of patients aged ≥ 18 years, followed in 23 Italian National reference centres for atopic dermatitis between September 2016 and September 2018. The main measurements evaluated were disease severity, atopic and metabolic comorbidities, treatment type and duration. Six-hundred and eighty-four adult patients with AD were included into the study. Atopic, but not metabolic conditions, except for hypertension, were significantly associated with having moderate-to-severe AD in young adult patients. Disease duration was significantly associated with disease severity. Oral corticosteroids and cyclosporine were the most widely used immunosuppressant. Our study seems confirm the close relationship between adult AD and other atopic conditions, further long-term cohort studies on patients affected by adult AD need to be performed to evaluate the complex relationship between adult AD disease severity and metabolic comorbidities.

Cutaneous and oral comorbidities in patients with geographic tongue: a multicenter multidisciplinary cross-sectional observational study.

Geographic tongue (GT) represents a localized type of psoriasis inversa and its burden of dermatological and oral comorbidities frequently conditions its severity and diagnosis. Currently, no epidemiological studies have evaluated GT muco-cutaneous comorbidities. We aimed to study oral and dermatological comorbidities in a large sample of GT patients. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, involving 4 primary referral centers in Italy, we evaluated adult GT patients, who were assessed by board certified dermatologists and dentists for 5 months and collected demographics and medical history. GT was evaluated using Hume's classification together with Geographic tongue severity index (GTASI) to score its severity. The prevalence of oral and dermatological comorbidities was recorded. In the sample we enrolled 137 GT patients (M/F= 5:1) with a mean age of 48,2 ± 14,7 yoa and 33.6% had GT family history. The clinical evaluation found 96 (70.1%) GT type I, 7 (5.1%) type II, 13 (9.5%) type IIIa, 19 (13.9%) type IIIb, 2 (1.5%) type IV, following Hume's classification. The mean GTASI score was 23,7 ± 14,2 and the vast majority displayed a severe form of GT. Eighty-nine patients had oral comorbidities (burning mouth syndrome, caries, parulid and lichen planus) and 80 had dermatological concurrent conditions (plaque psoriasis, inverse psoriasis and atopic dermatitis). In GT patients, both dermatological and dental evaluation should be mandatory to identify previously undiagnosed mucocutaneous comorbidities.

Geographic tongue clinical response in moderate-to-severe psoriatic patients undergoing secukinumab: a real-life, multicenter retrospective observational study.

Geographic tongue (GT), a form of inverse psoriasis, is frequently linked to plaque psoriasis. The objective of the study is to evaluate IL-17 blocker (secukinumab) effect on GT severity. This reallife, multicenter, retrospective observational pilot study evaluated patients with plaque psoriasis and concomitant GT that started in label treatment with secukinumab. Patients were evaluated twice (T0=baseline and T1=after 16 weeks) by a dentist and a dermatologist collecting data on cutaneous Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and oral statuses using Hume's classification of the Geographic Tongue Severity Index (GTASI). Twenty-nine psoriatic patients with GT treated with secukinumab were enrolled for the study. Seventeen patients display type I GT, 6 type II and 6 type III with an overall GTASI of 25.52±9.57 at the baseline (T0). No correlation was found between delta GTASI and delta PASI (r=-0.27, p=0.1551). GTASI decrement from T0 to T1 was statistically significant ([95%CI -26.64 to -19.56], t=-13.36, p<0.0001). Secukinumab may enter in GT therapeutic armamentarium as the first biologic IL-17 blocker in patients with concomitant moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

Dupilumab therapy of atopic dermatitis of the elderly: a multicentre, real-life study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly may be challenging, due to side-effects of traditional anti-inflammatory drugs and to comorbidities often found in this age group. Furthermore, efficacy and safety of innovative drugs such as dupilumab are not yet well known. OBJECTIVES: A multicentre retrospective, observational, real-life study on the efficacy and safety of dupilumab was conducted in a group of patients aged ≥65 years and affected by severe AD. Their main clinical features were also examined. METHODS: Data of elderly patients with severe (EASI ≥24) AD treated with dupilumab at label dosage for 16 weeks were retrospectively collected. Treatment outcome was assessed by comparing objective (EASI) and subjective (P-NRS, S-NRS and DLQI) scores at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-six patients were enrolled in the study. They represented 11.37% of all patients with severe AD. Flexural eczema was the most frequent clinical phenotype, followed by prurigo nodularis. The coexistence of more than one phenotype was found in 63/276 (22.82%) subjects. Data on the 16-week treatment with dupilumab were available for 253 (91.67%) patients. Efficacy of dupilumab was demonstrated by a significant reduction of all the scores. No statistically significant difference regarding efficacy was found in elderly patients when compared to the group of our AD patients aged 18-64 years, treated with dupilumab over the same period. Furthermore, only 18 (6.52%) patients discontinued the drug due to inefficacy. Sixty-one (22.51%) patients reported adverse events, conjunctivitis and flushing being the most frequent. One (0.36%) patient only discontinued dupilumab due to an adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with dupilumab led to a significant improvement of AD over a 16-week treatment period, with a good safety profile. Therefore, dupilumab could be considered as an efficacious and safe treatment for AD also in the elderly.

Real-life experience on effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in adult patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the alpha subunit of IL-4 was recently approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in adult patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess dupilumab effectiveness and safety in adults with moderate-to-severe AD in a real-life Italian multicentre retrospective cohort. METHODS: Adult moderate-to-severe AD patients, referring to 39 Italian centers, received dupilumab in the context of a national patient access program. Disease assessment was performed at baseline, after 4 and 16 weeks of treatment using Eczema-Area-and-Severity-Index (EASI) score, itch and sleep numerical-rating-score (itch-NRS, sleep-NRS) and Dermatology-Life-Quality-Index (DLQI). RESULTS: A total of 109 (71 M/38F) patients was studied. There was a significant reduction in EASI score, itch-NRS, sleep-NRS and DLQI from baseline to week 4 and a further significant decline to week 16. EASI 50, EASI75 and EASI90 were achieved by 59.6%, 28.4% and 9.3% of patients at 4 weeks and by 87.2%, 60.6% and 32.4% of them at 16 weeks, respectively. Adverse events were experienced by 19.2% (21/109) of the patients and they were all mild in intensity, being conjunctivitis the most common side effect. CONCLUSIONS: Dupilumab significantly improved disease severity, pruritus, sleep loss and quality of life with an acceptable safety profile.

Photoadaptation to ultraviolet B TL01 in psoriatic patients.

BACKGROUND: In the biologic era, narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy still remains a valuable, effective, inexpensive, safe anti-psoriatic treatment. Patients can lose response to NB-UVB over time due to photoadaptation. This phenomenon is the tendency of the skin to respond to ultraviolet (UV) exposure by undergoing changes that may result in a decreased future response to an equivalent dose of radiation, thus leading to the need for an increased exposure during phototherapy course. AIM: To characterize and quantify the determinants of photoadaptation in NB-UVB treated psoriatic patients. METHODS: We enrolled 57 adult patients with moderate plaque psoriasis. Patients underwent 24 sessions of NB-UVB phototherapy delivered thrice a week. Dosing was started with 70% of the minimal erythema dose (MED) with percentage-based dose increments every two treatments. MED as well as change in the erythema and melanin index (MI) were measured at baseline and at the end of phototherapy course. Moreover, an adaptation factor (AF) was calculated for each patient. RESULTS: Adaptation factor was not influenced by both baseline MED and skin type. We found a weak correlation between higher cumulative dosages and the initial MED (Spearman's rho = 0.32, P = 0.0154) as well as with the mean initial MI (Spearman's rho = 0.25, P = 0.0624, statistically borderline). Clearance and mean number of treatments were correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.48, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Photoadaptation is a physiological skin response that negatively influences NB-UVB responsiveness and is not predictable by the baseline MED and skin type. Thus, starting with more aggressive protocols and increasing rapidly dosage progression to prevent AF may increase NB-UVB response.

Psoriatic and psoriatic arthritis patients with and without jet-lag: does it matter for disease severity scores? Insights and implications from a pilot, prospective study.

Background: Jet-lag may affect air-travelers crossing at least two time-zones and has several health-care implications. It occurs when the human biological rhythms are out of synch with respect to the day-night cycle at the country destination. Its effect in psoriasis is missing. We aimed to evaluate the effect of Jet-lag in psoriatic patients' management. Methods: This is a prospective observational study that enrolled psoriatic patients that underwent a flight: patients who experienced jet-lag were compared to patients who did not experience jet-lag. Before the flight, a dermatologist recorded clinical and demographical data with particular attention to Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) and Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA). Patients performed Self-Administered Psoriasis Area Severity Index (SAPASI), the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores. After the flight, patients completed the SAPASI, DLQI and pruritus-VAS scores. Results: The sample recruited comprised of 70 psoriatic patients aged 42.4 ± 9.7 years (median 42.5 years). Thirty (42.9%) were males, mean BMI was 25.5 ± 2.2 kg/m2. Average disease duration was 15.2 ± 7.1 years, and 20 (28.6%) subjects had developed PsA. Average hours of flight were 5.4 ± 3.5 (median 3.5 h), with 34 (48.6%) subjects reporting jet-lag. At the multivariate regression analysis, the change in the SAPASI score resulted correlated with jet-lag (regression coefficient 1.63, p = .0092), as well the change in the DLQI score (regression coefficient = 1.73, p = .0009), but no change on the pruritus VAS scale was found. Conclusions: The present study suggests that jet-lag may influence disease severity and DLQI scores, but not itch in psoriatic patients.

Predictors of response to omalizumab and relapse in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a study of 470 patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as spontaneous occurrence of wheals and/or angioedema for ≥6 weeks. Omalizumab is a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody effective in refractory CSU, but its mechanism of action and markers predictive of response remain not completely defined. OBJECTIVES: To correlate baseline levels of two proposed biomarkers, total IgE (bIgE) and d-dimer (bd-dimer), and clinical parameters to omalizumab response and to relapses after drug withdrawal. METHODS: In this retrospective Italian multicentre study, clinical data were collected in 470 CSU patients, and bIgE and bd-dimer were measured in 340 and 342 patients, respectively. Disease activity was determined by Urticaria Activity Score 7 (UAS7) at week 1 and 12 after omalizumab starting. Relapses were evaluated during a 2- and 3-month interval after a first and a second course of treatment, respectively. RESULTS: bIgE correlated to a good response to omalizumab since levels were significantly higher in responders than non-responders (P = 0.0002). Conversely, bd-dimer did not correlate to response. There was no correlation between both bIgE and d-dimer and either first or second relapse. Disease duration was significantly longer in patients who experienced either first or second relapse (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0105, respectively), while baseline UAS7 correlated only to first relapse (P = 0.0023). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms bIgE as a reliable biomarker predicting response to omalizumab in CSU, while it does not support the usefulness of bd-dimer unlike previous findings. CSU duration before omalizumab and baseline UAS7 may be clinical markers of relapse risk.

Conctact dermatitis: some important topics.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The gold standard for diagnosis is patch testing. The prevalence of positive patch tests in referred patients with suspected ACD ranges from 27 to 95.6%. The relationship between ACD and atopic dermatitis (AD) is complicated with conflicting reports of prevalence in the literature; however, in a patient with dermatitis not responding to traditional therapies, or with new areas of involvement, ACD should be considered as part of the work-up.