Delay of definitive care in cats and dogs with gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction following antiemetic administration: 537 cases (2012-2020).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of antiemetic medication to dogs and cats with gastrointestinal foreign body obstruction (GIFBO) delays time to definitive care (surgery or endoscopy) and increases the risk of complications. DESIGN: Retrospective study (January 2012-July 2020). SETTING: Private referral center. ANIMALS: Five hundred and thirty-seven (440 dogs and 97 cats). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Medical records of dogs and cats with GIFBO were reviewed for antiemetic administration at the onset of clinical signs, time from onset of clinical signs to first intervention and definitive care, GIFBO-related complications, and length of hospitalization. Antiemetics were prescribed for 200 of 537 patients (158 dogs, 42 cats). Antiemetic administration was associated with an increased time between the onset of clinical signs and definitive care (3.2 days [95% confidence interval, CI, 2.8-3.5] vs. 1.6 days [95% CI, 1.4-2.0]; P < 0.001) but not with GIFBO-associated complications (P = 0.45). Antiemetic administration was associated with an increased length of hospitalization (1.6 days [95% CI, 1.4-1.7] vs. 1.1 days [95% CI, 1.1-1.2]; P < 0.001). A longer duration of clinical signs prior to intervention was associated with GIFBO-related complications (P < 0.001) regardless of antiemetic administration. CONCLUSIONS: Antiemetic administration in patients with GIFBO was associated with increased time to definitive care and length of hospitalization but not GIFBO-associated complications. Antiemetics are not inherently contraindicated in patients for whom GIFBO is a differential, but clients should be counseled to monitor for progression of clinical signs and follow-up accordingly.

Retrospective review of diphenhydramine vs diphenhydramine plus glucocorticoid for the treatment of allergic reaction in cats.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to report the outcomes of treating allergic reactions in cats with diphenhydramine vs diphenhydramine plus glucocorticoid and to determine whether signs recurred or additional veterinary intervention was needed in the days after initial treatment. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 73 cats treated for allergic reaction with diphenhydramine alone or in combination with a glucocorticoid at a 24 h emergency and specialty referral veterinary hospital between 1 January 2012 and 31 March 2021. RESULTS: In total, 44 cats were treated with diphenhydramine alone, and 29 were treated with diphenhydramine plus dexamethasone sodium phosphate. The inciting cause was known or highly suspected in 50 patients. Vaccines were the most common (31 patients), followed by insect envenomation (17 cases). No cat in either group progressed to anaphylaxis. There was no difference in resolution of clinical signs between the groups. Follow-up contact was successfully made with 40/73 cat owners. All 40 cats were alive. Eight had persistent signs. There was no difference in the number of cats with persistent signs between groups. Five cats required additional treatment after the initial emergency visit. There was no difference between the two groups for persistent signs at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was no difference in measured outcomes between cats treated with diphenhydramine alone vs those treated with a glucocorticoid in addition to diphenhydramine in this population. The ideal treatment for allergic reactions is unknown. Based on currently available data in human and veterinary literature, glucocorticoids are not indicated to treat acute allergic reactions. The role of antihistamines as part of a symptomatic supportive treatment plan to shorten the duration of signs is unclear at this time and may be considered.

Long-term survival in a dog with probable thyroid storm.

Key Clinical Message: Thyroid storm is a rare, life-threatening endocrine emergency that may occur in dogs. With rapid identification and early aggressive therapy, long-term survival is possible. Abstract: The aim of this paper was to describe the successful emergency management and long-term survival of a dog with probable thyroid storm. We present proposed guidelines for the characterization of thyroid storm in dogs, and treatment considerations as utilized for this patient. A 6-year-old female spayed German Shepherd Dog was presented to a multispecialty center for radiation planning and treatment of a previously diagnosed nonresectable functional thyroid carcinoma. Recovering from anesthesia, the patient developed clinical features that would qualify as thyroid storm using human metrics. The patient improved with aggressive treatment of thyroid storm, extrapolating from human and feline recommendations. This is the first known report of long-term survival in a canine with suspected thyroid storm. The crisis was effectively identified and emergently treated.

Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) Initiative small animal CPR registry report 2016-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR registry and report cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and CPR event data collected to date. DESIGN: International, multi-institutional veterinary CPR registry data report. SETTING: Veterinary private practice and university teaching hospitals. ANIMALS: Data from 514 dogs and 195 cats undergoing CPR entered in the RECOVER CPR registry between February 2016 and November 2021. INTERVENTIONS: The RECOVER CPR registry is an online medical database created for standardized collection of hospital, animal, arrest, and outcome information on dogs and cats undergoing CPR. Data were collected according to the veterinary Utstein-style guidelines for standardized reporting of in-hospital CPR in dogs and cats. Case records were downloaded, duplicate and incomplete cases were removed, and summary descriptive data were reported. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen hospitals in the United States, Europe, and Australia contributed data on 709 CPR events to the registry. One hundred and forty-two (28%) dogs and 58 (30%) cats attained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 62 (12%) dogs and 25 (13%) cats had ROSC >20 minutes, and 14 (3%) dogs and 4 (2%) cats survived to hospital discharge. The reason for CPR discontinuation was reported as owner choice in 321 cases (63%). The most common suspected causes for CPA were respiratory failure (n = 142, 20%), heart failure (n = 86, 12%), and hemorrhage (n = 76, 11%). CONCLUSION: The RECOVER CPR registry contains the first multicenter data set on small animal CPR. It confirms poor outcomes associated with CPA, emphasizing the need for large-sized studies to gain adequate information on characteristics associated with favorable outcomes.

Traumatic Brain Injury-A Review of Intravenous Fluid Therapy.

This manuscript will review intravenous fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury. Both human and animal literature will be included. Basic treatment recommendations will also be discussed.

Retrospective review of diphenhydramine versus diphenhydramine plus glucocorticoid for treatment of uncomplicated allergic reaction in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of treatment of uncomplicated allergic reactions in dogs with diphenhydramine vs diphenhydramine plus glucocorticoid and to determine the incidence rate of uncomplicated allergic reactions DESIGN: Retrospective study between January 1, 2012 and August 15, 2018. SETTING: Privately owned, 24-hour emergency and specialty referral veterinary hospital. ANIMALS: Eight hundred and eighty cases of dogs treated for uncomplicated allergic reaction with diphenhydramine alone or in combination with a glucocorticoid. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-nine dogs were treated with diphenhydramine alone, and 581 were treated with diphenhydramine plus Dex SP. There was no difference between the 2 groups for response to initial therapy, need for additional veterinary intervention after discharge, or persistent signs at follow-up. The cumulative incidence of emergency department presentation for uncomplicated allergic reaction in this hospital was 1.2%. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in measured outcomes between dogs treated with diphenhydramine alone vs those treated with a glucocorticoid in addition to diphenhydramine in this population of dogs.

Incidence of blood transfusion requirement and factors associated with transfusion following liver lobectomy in dogs and cats: 72 cases (2007-2015).

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of blood transfusion, mortality rate, and factors associated with transfusion in dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 63 client-owned dogs and 9-client owned cats that underwent liver lobectomy at a specialty veterinary practice from August 2007 through June 2015. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and data extracted regarding dog and cat signalment, hematologic test results before and after surgery, surgical method, number and identity of lobes removed, concurrent surgical procedures, hemoabdomen detected during surgery, incidence of blood transfusion, and survival to hospital discharge (for calculation of mortality rate). Variables were compared between patients that did and did not require transfusion. RESULTS 11 of 63 (17%) dogs and 4 of 9 cats required a blood transfusion. Mortality rate was 8% for dogs and 22% for cats. Pre- and postoperative PCV and plasma total solids concentration were significantly lower and mortality rate significantly higher in dogs requiring transfusion than in dogs not requiring transfusion. Postoperative PCV was significantly lower in cats requiring transfusion than in cats not requiring transfusion. No significant differences in any other variable were identified between dogs and cats requiring versus not requiring transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy had a high requirement for blood transfusion, and a higher requirement for transfusion should be anticipated in dogs with perioperative anemia and cats with postoperative anemia. Veterinarians performing liver lobectomies in dogs and cats should have blood products readily available.

Acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in two indoor cats exposed to the H1N1 influenza virus.

OBJECTIVE: To describe 2 cases of acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in indoor domestic cats infected by anthroponotic transmission of pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus from their owners. CASE SERIES SUMMARY: Two indoor domestic shorthair cats from the same household were evaluated for acute onset of respiratory distress. The owners had been recovering from flu-like illness at the time of presentation. Venous blood gas showed increased pvCO2 while thoracic radiographs revealed severe bronchointerstitial to alveolar patterns in both cats. The cats were treated with oxygen supplementation, antimicrobials, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation (1 cat), and supportive care. Despite initial improvement in the clinical condition of each cat, respiratory function deteriorated and ultimately both cats were euthanized. Gross and histopathologic examination confirmed diffuse, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 viral testing by real time PCR was positive in 1 cat. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: These cases provide further evidence that domestic felids are susceptible to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus, and the literature is briefly reviewed for treatment recommendations. H1N1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for domestic cats presenting with peracute to acute onset of respiratory distress in the right context. While human-to-cat transmission of H1N1 seems probable in several reported cases, cat-to-human transmission has not been identified.