ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of the cumulative AIDS cases in Jamaica involve adolescents and young adults. However, the lives of adolescents living with HIV within Jamaica and the Caribbean have been understudied. OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the sociodemographic characteristics of HIV+ Jamaican adolescents who have ever been a part of the Kingston Paediatric/Perinatal HIV Programme (KPAIDS) from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2006 (2). To identify predictors of HIV/AIDS confirmation as well as factors associated or uniquely present in these adolescents by their guardian status. METHODS: Seventy-two HIV+ adolescents, ages 10-19 years, were included. Factors studied included demographics as well as time to and time between HIV and AIDS confirmation. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: The mean age of the adolescents was 12.6 ± 2.8 years with slightly more males (52.8%) in the programme. There were equal proportions of adolescents living with HIV as with AIDS (43.1%). There were equal proportions who were lost to follow-up or deceased (8.3%). Twenty-two of them lived with parents, 25 with guardians and 18 in residential institutions. The primary mode of transmission was perinatal infection (68.1%), followed by sexual (20.8%), blood transfusion (2.9%) and unknown (8.3%). The mean time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation and AIDS confirmation in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) cases were 8.0 ± 2.9 years and 9.6 ± 3.3 years, respectively. In the multivariate analysis model, age and gender were significant in predicting time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation. CONCLUSION: The majority of HIV-positive adolescents reside with parents and guardians and this might indicate support in spite of stigma and discrimination. However, the mean time to HIV confirmation in MTCT cases is quite long and must be reduced.
ANTECEDENTES: Aproximadamente el 25% de los casos cumulativos de SIDA en Jamaica comprenden adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Sin embargo, las vidas de los adolescentes que viven con VIH en Jamaica y el Caribe no ha recibido suficiente estudio. OBJETIVOS: (1) Describir las características socio-demográficas de los adolescentes jamaicanos VIH+ que hayan sido alguna vez parte del Programa Pediátrico/Prenatal de Kingston contra el SIDA (KPAIDS) desde septiembre 1 de 2002 a agosto 31 de 2006. (2). Identificar los predictores de la confirmación del VIH/SIDA así como los factores asociados o presentes de forma única en estos adolescentes con respecto a su estatus de tutoría. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron setenta y dos adolescentes VIH+, con edades de 10 a 19 años. Los factores estudiados comprendieron los datos demográficos así como el tiempo hasta la confirmación de VIH y el SIDA, así como el tiempo entre la confirmación de ambos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadísticas divariadas y multivariadas. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los adolescentes fue 12.6 ± 2.8 años siendo el número de varones ligeramente mayor (52.8%) en el programa. Las proporciones de adolescentes viviendo con VIH fueron iguales a las de los adolescentes viviendo con SIDA (43.1%). Hubo iguales proporciones perdidas al seguimiento o fallecidas (8.3%). Veintidós de ellos vivían con sus padres, 25 con tutores, y 18 en instituciones residenciales. El modo primario de transmisión fue la infección perinatal (68.1%), seguida por la sexual (20.8%), la transfusión de sangre (2.9%), y otros desconocidos (8.3%). Los tiempos medios desde la exposición al VIH hasta la confirmación de VIH y la confirmación del SIDA en los casos de transmisión madre a hijo (TMAH) fueron 8.0 ± 2.9 años y 9.6 ± 3.3 años, respectivamente. En el modelo de análisis multivariado, la edad y el género fueron significativos a la hora de predecir el tiempo desde la exposición al VIH hasta la confirmación del VIH. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor parte de los adolescentes VIH positivos residen con sus padres y tutores y esto podría ser un índice de apoyo a pesar del estigma y la discriminación. Sin embargo, el tiempo medio hasta la confirmación del VIH en los casos de TMAH es bien largo y tiene que ser reducido.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Young Adult , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Legal Guardians/psychology , Parents/psychology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , HIV Infections/mortality , HIV Infections/psychology , HIV Infections/transmission , Legal Guardians/statistics & numerical data , Multivariate Analysis , Parent-Child Relations , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/mortality , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/psychology , Risk Factors , Social Support , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of the cumulative AIDS cases in Jamaica involve adolescents and young adults. However the lives of adolescents living with HIV within Jamaica and the Caribbean have been understudied. OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the sociodemographic characteristics of HIV+ Jamaican adolescents who have ever been a part of the Kingston Paediatric/Perinatal HIV Programme (KPAIDS) from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2006 (2). To identify predictors of HIV/AIDS confirmation as well as factors associated or uniquely present in these adolescents by their guardian status. METHODS: Seventy-two HIV+ adolescents, ages 10-19 years, were included. Factors studied included demographics as well as time to and time between HIV and AIDS confirmation. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: The mean age of the adolescents was 12.6 +/- 2.8 years with slightly more males (52.8%) in the programme. There were equal proportions of adolescents living with HIV as with AIDS (43.1%). There were equal proportions who were lost to follow-up or deceased (8.3%). Twenty-two of them lived with parents, 25 with guardians and 18 in residential institutions. The primary mode of transmission was perinatal infection (68.1%), followed by sexual (20.8%), blood transfusion (2.9%) and unknown (8.3%). The mean time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation and AIDS confirmation in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) cases were 8.0 +/- 2.9 years and 9.6 +/- 3.3 years, respectively. In the multivariate analysis model, age and gender were significant in predicting time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation. CONCLUSION: The majority of HIV-positive adolescents reside with parents and guardians and this might indicate support in spite of stigma and discrimination. However; the mean time to HIV confirmation in MTCT cases is quite long and must be reduced.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/diagnosis , Legal Guardians/psychology , Parents/psychology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Adolescent , Child , Female , HIV Infections/mortality , HIV Infections/psychology , HIV Infections/transmission , Humans , Legal Guardians/statistics & numerical data , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Parent-Child Relations , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/mortality , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/psychology , Risk Factors , Social Support , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival Analysis , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
In November 1989 a major landslide destroyed the link road to the village of Sapni in Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh in the Indian Himalaya. Although aware of the risk of further landslide activity, the community has campaigned successfully for reconstruction of the road. Decisions of this kind take place at the local level, through village institutions and open debate, with good feedback between villages and district government authorities. In this way a balance is established between meeting more immediate needs (such as domestic water supply, irrigation, road access) and taking acceptable risks. Using the Sapni landslide as a case study, this paper explores the issue of 'acceptable risk', and looks at the existing strategy for risk and disaster reduction in the district.
