ABSTRACT
Dissolved copper was toxic to wild rice (Zizania palustris) seedlings when exposed in water from the seed collection site of Swamp Creek, Crandon, Wisconsin, USA, and in laboratory-prepared artificial or reconstituted water. Seeds for the study were harvested, then held through a portion of dormancy, in Swamp Creek. After 60 days they were shipped to a laboratory, chilled, and tested with copper after germination. The end point of the tests was net gain in wet weight of the seedlings; additionally, a pronounced reduction in root development was observed. Using measured concentrations, the lowest no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) in our study was 37 microg/liter in Swamp Creek water and the lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) was 59 microg/liter. However, it appeared that there was a point at which concentrations of copper above 400 microg/liter did not result in any measurable effect or exhibit a definitive dose-response. Because the results in Swamp Creek water were more relevant to the possibility of local metals additions and the association of reduced seedling growth by copper was more powerful in this water, we derived an equation to express the relationship between copper concentration and toxicity for Swamp Creek water. As an example, we would expect a 3.0% reduction in seedling growth at 5.0 microg/liter copper. Seedling roots were particularly affected and the resultant plants may be less well anchored and more susceptible to dislodging than plants not exposed to copper. Further refinement of the methodology may be used to address effects of other contaminants impacting rice beds in North America.
