Association of vitamin D and cognition in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and impaired cognitive function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). OBJECTIVE: To critically and systematically review the literature on the association between vitamin D status and cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES: This review was conducted according to PRISMA recommendations. MEDLINE, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Cognitive Function", and "Vitamin D". DATA EXTRACTION: Eight observational and 1 randomized study were included, containing data of 14 648 adult and elderly individuals (19-74 y). All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. DATA ANALYSIS: There is no strong evidence that lower serum concentrations of vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein are associated with worsening cognitive function in individuals with T2DM. Vitamin D supplementation (12 wk) improved the scores of some executive functioning tests, although there was no difference between low doses (5000 IU/wk) and high doses (50 000 IU/wk). CONCLUSIONS: There is no high-quality evidence demonstrating an association between vitamin D status and cognitive function, or clinical benefits on cognition from vitamin D supplementation in individuals with T2DM. Future studies are needed. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021261520.

Antidepressants determination using an electroanalytical approach: A review of methods.

Antidepressants are the pharmaceutical compounds used in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and all related disturbances promoted by genetic factors, environmental problems or modern lifestyles. Nonetheless, the inadequate ingestion of antidepressants provokes adverse effects in the human body and can contaminate the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to identify and quantify these compounds in biological fluids, natural water, wastewater, and pharmaceutical formulations. Consequently, this review presents the main electroanalytical techniques used in the analysis of antidepressants, indicating the advantages, which include low cost, suitable analytical parameters, simplified sample preparation steps, easy operation and reduced time for completion of the analysis. Reports in specialized literature, published from 2000 to 2020, are presented and some are discussed, demonstrating that the electroanalytical techniques can be employed, with success, in the determination of antidepressants, indicating alternative methodologies to improve analytical parameters and minimize the use and generation of toxic residues.