Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: Protocol for an Implementation Study.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA) for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven efficacious in randomized controlled trials. Further research is critical to evaluate its effectiveness in real-world settings and identify effective implementation approaches, especially among young sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). OBJECTIVE: ImPrEP CAB Brasil is an implementation study aiming to generate critical evidence on the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of incorporating CAB-LA into the existing public health oral PrEP services in 6 Brazilian cities. It will also evaluate a mobile health (mHealth) education and decision support tool, digital injection appointment reminders, and the facilitators of and barriers to integrating CAB-LA into the existing services. METHODS: This type-2 hybrid implementation-effectiveness study includes formative work, qualitative assessments, and clinical steps 1 to 4. For formative work, we will use participatory design methods to develop an initial CAB-LA implementation package and process mapping at each site to facilitate optimal client flow. SGMs aged 18 to 30 years arriving at a study clinic interested in PrEP (naive) will be invited for step 1. Individuals who tested HIV negative will receive mHealth intervention and standard of care (SOC) counseling or SOC for PrEP choice (oral or CAB-LA). Participants interested in CAB-LA will be invited for step 2, and those with undetectable HIV viral load will receive same-day CAB-LA injection and will be randomized to receive digital appointment reminders or SOC. Clinical appointments and CAB-LA injection are scheduled after 1 month and every 2 months thereafter (25-month follow-up). Participants will be invited to a 1-year follow-up to step 3 if they decide to change to oral PrEP or discontinue CAB-LA and to step 4 if diagnosed with HIV during the study. Outcomes of interest include PrEP acceptability, choice, effectiveness, implementation, and feasibility. HIV incidence in the CAB-LA cohort (n=1200) will be compared with that in a similar oral PrEP cohort from the public health system. The effectiveness of the mHealth and digital interventions will be assessed using interrupted time series analysis and logistic mixed models, respectively. RESULTS: During the third and fourth quarters of 2022, we obtained regulatory approvals; programmed data entry and management systems; trained sites; and performed community consultancy and formative work. Study enrollment is programmed for the second quarter of 2023. CONCLUSIONS: ImPrEP CAB Brasil is the first study to evaluate CAB-LA PrEP implementation in Latin America, one of the regions where PrEP scale-up is most needed. This study will be fundamental to designing programmatic strategies for implementing and scaling up feasible, equitable, cost-effective, sustainable, and comprehensive alternatives for PrEP programs. It will also contribute to maximizing the impact of a public health approach to reducing HIV incidence among SGMs in Brazil and other countries in the Global South. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05515770; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05515770. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/44961.

Preferences for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among sexual and gender minorities: a discrete choice experiment in Brazil.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) are disproportionally affected by HIV infection in Latin America. This study aims to assess pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) preferences among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) and identify attributes and levels that are related to PrEP uptake and adherence, both crucial for PrEP success. Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) among SGM from all Brazilian regions (September-December/2020). The survey was administered face-to-face (five Brazilian capitals) and online (entire country). We used a D-efficient zero-prior blocked experimental design to select 60 paired-profile DCE choice tasks. Findings: The total sample size was 3924 (90.5% MSM; 7.2% TGW and 2.3% non-binary or gender diverse persons). In random-effects logit models, highest levels of protection and "no side effects" were the most important attribute levels. For "presentation", injectable and implant were preferred over oral. Participants were willing to accept a 4.1% protection reduction to receive injectable PrEP or a 4.2% reduction if PrEP were taken monthly. The largest class in the latent class models was defined predominantly by the preference for the highest HIV protection level (p < 0.005). Respondents in this class also preferred no side effects, injectable and implant presentations. Interpretation: Higher HIV protection, no side effects, and presentation, whether injectable or implant, were the most important attributes in PrEP preferences. Protection against HIV was the most important attribute. PrEP programs should make available technologies such as long-acting presentations that could reunite the most desired attributes, thus maximizing acceptability and user-appropriateness. Funding: Unitaid.

HIV incidence estimates by sex and age group in the population aged 15 years or over, Brazil, 1986-2018.

INTRODUCTION: HIV incidence estimates are essential to monitor the progress of prevention and control interventions. METHODS: Data collected by Brazilian surveillance systems were used to derive HIV incidence estimates by age group (15-24; 25+) and sex from 1986 to 2018. This study used a back-calculation method based on the first CD4 count among treatment-naïve cases. Incidence estimates for the population aged 15 years or over were compared to Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimates from 2000 to 2018. RESULTS: Among young men (15-24 years), HIV incidence increased from 6,400 (95% CI: 4,900-8,400), in 2000, to 12,800 (95% CI: 10,800-15,900), in 2015, reaching incidence rates higher than 70/100,000 inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 3.7%. Among young women, HIV incidence decreased from 5,000 (95% CI: 4,200-6,100) to 3,200 (95% CI: 3,000-3,700). Men aged ≥25 years and both female groups showed significant annual decreases in incidence rates from 2000 to 2018. In 2018, the estimated number of new infections was 48,500 (95% CI: 45300-57500), 34,800 (95% CI: 32800-41500) men, 13,600 (95% CI: 12,500-16,000) women. Improvements in the time from infection to diagnosis and in the proportion of cases receiving antiretroviral therapy immediately after diagnosis were found for all groups. Comparison with GBD estimates shows similar rates for men with overlapping confidence intervals. Among women, differences are higher mainly in more recent years. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that efforts to control the HIV epidemic are having an impact. However, there is an urgent need to address the vulnerability of young men.

[Barriers and facilitators for access to PrEP by vulnerable populations in Brazil: the ImPrEP Stakeholders Study]. / Barreiras e facilitadores do acesso de populações vulneráveis à PrEP no Brasil: Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders.

HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders' subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy's implementation. The current article's focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: "perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP", "availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP", and "acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users".

A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: "percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP"; "disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP"; e "aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários".

La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: "percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP", "disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP" y "aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios".

Barreiras e facilitadores do acesso de populações vulneráveis à PrEP no Brasil: Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders / Barriers and facilitators for access to PrEP by vulnerable populations in Brazil: the ImPrEP Stakeholders Study / Barreras y facilitadores de acceso de poblaciones vulnerables a la PrEP en Brasil: Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders

Resumo: A profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) tem sido considerada uma estratégia fundamental para o controle da epidemia de HIV/aids, e desde 2018 tem sido objeto de estudo de implementação (Estudo ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado no Brasil, no México e no Peru. Um componente qualitativo desse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de identificar os contextos sociais e estruturais que envolvem e organizam a oferta de serviços de PrEP no Brasil, as subjetividades dos atores envolvidos e as diferentes percepções que podem impactar a efetivação dessa estratégia. O presente artigo teve como foco de análise o acesso das populações vulneráveis aos serviços de PrEP, na perspectiva de gestores, profissionais de saúde, lideranças ou ativistas e usuários de PrEP. É um estudo qualitativo com o uso de metodologia compreensiva, realizado em seis capitais brasileiras, em que foram entrevistados 71 atores-chave no período de novembro de 2018 a maio de 2019. A análise foi pautada pelos modelos analíticos sobre acesso propostos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. e Penchansky & Thomas. Os resultados são apresentados com base em três eixos: "percepções sobre prevenção combinada e PrEP"; "disponibilidade e adequação: perfil e estrutura dos serviços no contexto do ImPrEP"; e "aceitabilidade: atitudes e práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usuários".

Abstract: HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been considered a fundamental strategy for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and since 2018 it has been the object of an implementation study (ImPrEP Stakeholders Study), conducted in Brazil, México, and Peru. A qualitative component of this study was developed with the objective of identifying the social and structural contexts that involve and organize the supply of PrEP services in Brazil, the stakeholders' subjectivities, and the different perceptions that can impact the strategy's implementation. The current article's focus was to analyze access by vulnerable populations to PrEP services from the perspective of managers, health professionals, leaders or activists, and users of PrEP. This was a qualitative study using a comprehensive methodology, conducted in six Brazilian state capitals, interviewing 71 key actors from November 2018 to May 2019. The analysis was based on access analysis models as proposed by Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. and Penchansky & Thomas. The results are presented along three lines: "perceptions of combined prevention and PrEP", "availability and adequacy: profile and structure of services in the context of ImPrEP", and "acceptability: attitudes and practices of health professionals and users".

Resumen: La profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha sido considerada una estrategia fundamental para el control de la epidemia de VIH/sida y desde 2018 ha sido objeto de estudio de implementación (Estudio ImPrEP Stakeholders), realizado en Brasil, México y Perú. Un componente cualitativo de este estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de identificar los contextos sociales y estructurales que engloban y organizan la oferta de servicios de PrEP en Brasil, las subjetividades de los actores implicados y las diferentes percepciones que pueden impactar en hacer efectiva esa estrategia. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del acceso de las poblaciones vulnerables a los servicios de PrEP, desde la perspectiva de los gestores, profesionales de salud, líderes o activistas y usuarios de la PrEP. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con uso de metodología comprensiva, realizado en seis capitales brasileñas, en las que fueron entrevistados 71 actores-clave, durante el período de noviembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. El análisis se pautó mediante modelos analíticos sobre acceso, propuestos por Giovanella & Fleury, McIntyre et al. y Penchansky & Thomas. Los resultados se presentan a partir de tres ejes: "percepciones sobre prevención combinada y PrEP", "disponibilidad y adecuación: perfil y estructura de los servicios en el contexto de la ImPrEP" y "aceptabilidad: actitudes y prácticas de los profesionales de salud y usuarios".

HIV incidence estimates by sex and age group in the population aged 15 years or over, Brazil, 1986-2018

Abstract INTRODUCTION HIV incidence estimates are essential to monitor the progress of prevention and control interventions. METHODS Data collected by Brazilian surveillance systems were used to derive HIV incidence estimates by age group (15-24; 25+) and sex from 1986 to 2018. This study used a back-calculation method based on the first CD4 count among treatment-naïve cases. Incidence estimates for the population aged 15 years or over were compared to Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimates from 2000 to 2018. RESULTS Among young men (15-24 years), HIV incidence increased from 6,400 (95% CI: 4,900-8,400), in 2000, to 12,800 (95% CI: 10,800-15,900), in 2015, reaching incidence rates higher than 70/100,000 inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 3.7%. Among young women, HIV incidence decreased from 5,000 (95% CI: 4,200-6,100) to 3,200 (95% CI: 3,000-3,700). Men aged ≥25 years and both female groups showed significant annual decreases in incidence rates from 2000 to 2018. In 2018, the estimated number of new infections was 48,500 (95% CI: 45300-57500), 34,800 (95% CI: 32800-41500) men, 13,600 (95% CI: 12,500-16,000) women. Improvements in the time from infection to diagnosis and in the proportion of cases receiving antiretroviral therapy immediately after diagnosis were found for all groups. Comparison with GBD estimates shows similar rates for men with overlapping confidence intervals. Among women, differences are higher mainly in more recent years. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that efforts to control the HIV epidemic are having an impact. However, there is an urgent need to address the vulnerability of young men.

Preferences for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men and transgender women at risk of HIV infection: a multicentre protocol for a discrete choice experiment in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important and well-established prevention strategy for sexual acquisition of HIV. In Brazil, transgender women (TGW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) bear the largest burden among key populations. Little is known about preferences for PrEP characteristics in these vulnerable populations in Latin America. The goal of this study is to investigate preferences of TGW and MSM with respect to PrEP characteristics, whether current user or not, and to assess any attributes and levels that may improve the decision to start using PrEP (uptake) and optimal continuity of use (adherence), which are important dimensions for PrEP success. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We hereby outline the protocol of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to be conducted among TGW and MSM in Brazil. The study will be carried out in two phases. The first phase involves literature review and qualitative approaches including in-depth interviews to inform the development of the DCE (attributes and levels). The second phase entails the DCE survey and supporting questions pertaining to sociodemographic and risk behaviour information. The survey is aimed at current PrEP users and non-users, consisting of two modes of administration: face to face in five Brazilian capitals (Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Salvador) and online targeting the entire country. A D-efficient zero-prior blocked experimental design will be used to select 60 paired-profile DCE choice tasks, in which participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups and presented with a set of 15 choice tasks. The planned sample size is 1000 volunteers. ETHICS, TIMELINE AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa-Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas-INI/FIOCRUZ, CEP/INI, CAAE 28416220.2.1001.5262, approval number 3.979.759 in accordance with the Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP-Brazilian National Board of Research Ethics). The study will be conducted between 2020 and 2021. The results will be disseminated to the scientific community and to the public in general through publications in published in peer-reviewed journals and in scientific conferences.

Dolutegravir and pregnancy outcomes in women on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil: a retrospective national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Dolutegravir has been widely available in Brazil since 2017. Following the signal that infants born to women with dolutegravir exposure at conception in Botswana had a higher risk of neural tube defects (NTDs), public health leaders initiated a national investigation to evaluate periconception dolutegravir exposure among all pregnant Brazilian women with HIV and its potential association with risk of NTDs, stillbirth, or miscarriage before 22 weeks (also called spontaneous abortion). METHODS: In this retrospective, observational, national, cohort study, we identified all women with pregnancies and possible dolutegravir exposure within 8 weeks of estimated date of conception between Jan 1, 2017, and May 31, 2018, and approximately 3:1 matched pregnant women exposed to efavirenz between Jan 1, 2015, and May 31, 2018, using the Brazilian antiretroviral therapy database. We did detailed chart reviews for identified women. The primary outcomes were NTD and a composite measure of NTD, stillbirth, or miscarriage. NTD incidences were calculated with 95% CI. The composite outcome was examined with logistic regression using propensity score matching weights to balance confounders. FINDINGS: Of 1427 included women, 382 were exposed to dolutegravir within 8 weeks of estimated date of conception. During pregnancy, 183 (48%) of 382 dolutegravir-exposed and 465 (44%) of 1045 efavirenz-exposed women received folic acid supplementation. There were 1452 birth outcomes. There were no NTDs in either dolutegravir-exposed (0, 95% CI 0-0·0010) or efavirenz-exposed groups (0, 95% CI 0-0·0036). There were 23 (6%) stillbirths or miscarriages in 384 dolutegravir-exposed fetuses and 28 (3%) in the 1068 efavirenz-exposed fetuses (p=0·0037). Logistic regression models did not consistently indicate an association between dolutegravir exposure and risk of stillbirths or miscarriages. After study closure, two confirmed NTD outcomes in fetuses with periconception dolutegravir exposure were reported to public health officials. An updated estimate of NTD incidence incorporating these cases and the estimated number of additional dolutegravir-exposed pregnancies between Jan 1, 2015 and Feb 28, 2019, is 0·0018 (95% CI 0·0005-0·0067). INTERPRETATION: Neither dolutegravir nor efavirenz exposure was associated with NTDs in our national cohort; incidence of NTDs is probably well under 1% in dolutegravir-exposed HIV-positive women but still slightly above HIV-uninfected women (0·06%) in Brazil. FUNDING: The Brazilian Ministry of Health and the United States' National Institutes of Health.

Application of the Respondent-Driven Sampling methodology in a biological and behavioral surveillance survey among female sex workers, Brazil, 2016.

INTRODUCTION: Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) has been used in surveys with key populations at risk of HIV infection, such as female sex workers (FSW). This article describes the application of the RDS method among FSW in 12 Brazilian cities, during a survey carried out in 2016. METHODOLOGY: A biological and behavioral surveillance study carried out in 12 Brazilian cities, with a minimum sample of 350 FSW in each city. Tests were performed for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infections. A social-behavioral questionnaire was also applied. RESULTS: The sample was comprised of 4,328 FSW. For data analysis, the sample was weighted according to each participant's network size (due consideration to the implications of RDS complex design and to the effects of homophilia are recommended). DISCUSSION: Although RDS methods for obtaining a statistical sample are based on strong statistical assumptions, allowing for an estimation of statistical parameters, with each new application the method has been rethought. In the analysis of whole-sample data, estimators were robust and compatible with those found in 2009. However, there were significant variations according to each city. CONCLUSION: The achieved sample size was of great relevance for assessing progress and identifying problems regarding the prevention and treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections. New RDS studies with more time and operational resources should be envisaged. This could further network development.

Application of the Respondent-Driven Sampling methodology in a biological and behavioral surveillance survey among female sex workers, Brazil, 2016 / Aplicação da metodologia Respondent-Driven Sampling em pesquisa biológica e comportamental com mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo, Brasil, 2016

ABSTRACT Introduction: Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) has been used in surveys with key populations at risk of HIV infection, such as female sex workers (FSW). This article describes the application of the RDS method among FSW in 12 Brazilian cities, during a survey carried out in 2016. Methodology: A biological and behavioral surveillance study carried out in 12 Brazilian cities, with a minimum sample of 350 FSW in each city. Tests were performed for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infections. A social-behavioral questionnaire was also applied. Results: The sample was comprised of 4,328 FSW. For data analysis, the sample was weighted according to each participant's network size (due consideration to the implications of RDS complex design and to the effects of homophilia are recommended). Discussion: Although RDS methods for obtaining a statistical sample are based on strong statistical assumptions, allowing for an estimation of statistical parameters, with each new application the method has been rethought. In the analysis of whole-sample data, estimators were robust and compatible with those found in 2009. However, there were significant variations according to each city. Conclusion: The achieved sample size was of great relevance for assessing progress and identifying problems regarding the prevention and treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections. New RDS studies with more time and operational resources should be envisaged. This could further network development.

RESUMO Introdução: O método de amostragem Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) tem sido utilizado em inquéritos com populações-chave sob maior risco de infecção pelo HIV, como as mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo (MTS). Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever a implementação do RDS entre MTS em 12 cidades brasileiras em 2016. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de vigilância biológica e comportamental realizado em 12 cidades brasileiras, com amostra mínima de 350 MTS em cada cidade. Foram realizados testes para infecções por HIV, sífilis, hepatites B e C, e aplicou-se questionário sociocomportamental. Resultados: Participaram 4.328 MTS. Para a análise dos dados, foi elaborada uma ponderação amostral considerando o tamanho da rede de cada participante; recomenda-se que o desenho complexo de amostragem por RDS e o efeito de homofilia sejam considerados. Discussão: Apesar de o RDS ser fundamentado em pressupostos estatísticos para obtenção de uma amostra probabilística e possibilitar estimação de parâmetros estatísticos, ele vem sendo repensado a cada nova aplicação. Na análise dos dados na totalidade da amostra, os estimadores mostraram-se robustos e coerentes aos encontrados em 2009. Entretanto, constataram-se grandes variações por cidade. Conclusão: O tamanho amostral alcançado foi de grande relevância para avaliar avanços e identificar problemas a respeito da prevenção e assistência às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Ressalta-se a necessidade de pensar estudos RDS com maior tempo e recursos para implementação, o que poderia permitir um melhor desenvolvimento das redes.

Marcos conceituais e teorias de intervenção ao HIV/AIDS: paradigmas de prevenção entre jovens / Conceptual frameworks and models of interventions of HIV/AIDS: preventions paradigms among youths

A tese objetiva analisar modelos teóricos, marcos conceituais e paradigmas de prevenção à transmissão do HIV/AIDS utilizados nas últimas décadas no Brasil, especificamente entre as populações jovens, contrastando processos coletivos e individuais como a utilização de modelos psicológicos e cognitivos com modelos e metodologias coletivas e comunitárias. A partir de um olhar histórico da prevenção ao HIV/AIDS, a análise se desenvolve considerando inicialmente as visões essencialista biológica e comportamentalista da sexualidade e dos modelos individualistas e cognitivos de prevenção que deram enfoque ao conhecimento e à informação e comunicação sobre HIV/AIDS, como práticas educativas capazes de gerar mudanças comportamentais em indivíduos e grupos. Em seguida, são analisados modelos estruturais, apresentados a partir da visão construtivista da sexualidade que explora os significados dos comportamentos e tenta compreender os processos de influência social do sujeito e do coletivo, que incentivaram o desenvolvimento de modelos participativos de intervenção, mobilização e transformação social e estrutural para a prevenção do HIV/AIDS. Através de um estudo de caso, são exemplificadas as abordagens de educação participativa e mobilização político-social para a saúde com jovens em comunidades carentes do Rio de Janeiro. A discussão ressalta a importância de trabalhar com o jovem como sujeito e protagonista, capaz de gerar respostas e alternativas para os problemas identificados, e do fortalecimento das redes sociais existentes e da mobilização comunitária, visando o alcance de mudanças estruturais relacionadas às vulnerabilidades ao HIV/AIDS e à adoção de práticas mais seguras. O trabalho conclui, propondo um novo paradigma de prevenção ao HIV/AIDS que tenha como base os princípios dos direitos humanos e da organização comunitária, que utilize a abordagem coletiva implementada através de metodologia participativa e facilitadora de crescimento, respeitando o jovem como sujeito a partir de sua vivência e incluindo-o nos processos sociais e culturais locais, promovendo, assim, o exercício da cidadania e possibilitando a redução dos fatores de vulnerabilidade que favorecem a epidemia, e um maior alcance do trabalho de prevenção

Conjugalidade e Aids: a questão da sorodiscordância e os serviços de saúde / Marital and Aids: the issue of serodiscordance and health services

Contextualiza a sorodiscordancia enquanto tematica de pesquisa, frisa o descompasso existente entre algumas atividades de prevenção e a realidade sócio-cultural dos sujeitos. Destaca a importância do referencial de casal na identidade social das pessoas. Revisa os desafios que se colocam para casais sorodiscordantes e as questões de Saúde Pública. Discute a questão da sorodiscordânica a partir da interface entre a pesquisa e a intervenção. Discute a prevenção da transmissão vertical, a reprodução assistida, os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, o apoio psicológico a parceiros sodiscordantes, os direitos humanos, a interface existente entre o uso de drogas e a conjugalidade. (AU)