Which drugs are risk factors for the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is common in many communities, is associated with structural factors, eating habits, and the use of certain drugs. The use of such drugs can lead to the emergence of GERD and can also exacerbate existing reflux symptoms. These drugs can contribute to GERD by directly causing mucosal damage, by reducing lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), or by affecting esophagogastric motility. In this article, we report our investigation of the relationships between GERD and medications within the scope of the "Turkish GERD Consensus Group." For the medication groups for which sufficient data were obtained (Figure 1), a systematic literature review in English was conducted using the keywords "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "acetylsalicylic acid" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [All Fields] and "estrogenic agents" [All Fields], "gastroesophageal reflux" [All Fields] and "progesterones" [All Fields], "gastroesophageal reflux" [All Fields] and "hormone replacement therapy" [All Fields], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "diphosphonates" [MeSH Terms] OR "diphosphonates" [All Fields], "calcium channel blockers" [MeSH Terms] and "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "nitrates" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "antidepressive agents" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "benzodiazepines" [MeSH Terms] and "hypnotic drugs" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "cholinergic antagonists" [MeSH Terms], "gastroesophageal reflux" [MeSH Terms] and "theophylline" [MeSH Terms], and "gastroesophageal reflux [MeSH Terms] AND "anti-asthmatic agents" [MeSH Terms]. The studies were analyzed and the results are presented here.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the relationship with Helicobacter pylori.

After Helicobacter pylori was identified, and its relationship with peptic ulcer disease was exactly shown, the relationship of this bacterium with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) gained momentum and discussions continue to this day. We reviewed the literature for the relationship between H. pylori and GERD. According to the existing data, there is no relationship between GERD and H. pylori presence. Successful eradication therapy does not have an impact on the emergence or exacerbation of GERD. However Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are less frequent, especially in the presence of CagA positive H. pylori infections. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) may have an impact on the development of atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori positive patients; therefore, H. pylori eradication is recommended in patients that should use long-term PPI. As a conclusion, H. pylori screening and the eradication decision should be independent of GERD, except for patients that will use long-term PPI.