ABSTRACT
Resumo As unidades de emergência recebem pacientes mais graves, com doenças agudas ou crônicas, e sujeitos a sequelas ou danos irreversíveis. Nesses casos, priorizam-se cuidados paliativos para oferecer mais qualidade de vida, conforto físico, emocional, social e espiritual, elementos essenciais para o término da vida. Uma das formas de proporcionar maior bem-estar é a extubação paliativa, ou seja, a retirada do tubo orotraqueal, que tem o propósito de evitar o prolongamento do processo de morte do enfermo e aliviar o sofrimento de todos os envolvidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi refletir sobre essas questões a partir do relato de caso de paciente sujeita a extubação paliativa em unidade de emergência referenciada.
Abstract Emergency units receive patients of greater severity with acute or worsened chronic conditions, and subject to sequelae or irreversible damages. In these cases, palliative care is prioritized, aiming to provide a better quality of life, with measures that promote physical, emotional, social and spiritual comfort, as essential elements of care for the end of life. One of these forms of comfort is palliative extubation, that is, the removal of the orotracheal tube, which is intended to alleviate suffering and avoid the prolongation of the death process for all those involved. Thus, the purpose of this study was to reflect on these issues from the case report of a patient subject to palliative extubation performed in a reference emergency unit.
Resumen Las unidades de emergencia reciben los pacientes más graves, con enfermedades agudas o crónicas, y sujetos a secuelas o daños irreversibles. En estos casos, se priorizan los cuidados paliativos, para ofrecer más calidad de vida, conforto físico, emocional, social y espiritual, elementos esenciales en el fin de la vida. Una de las formas de proporcionar mayor bienestar es la extubación paliativa, es decir, la extracción del tubo endotraqueal, que tiene el propósito de evitar la prolongación del proceso de muerte del enfermo y aliviar el sufrimiento de todos los involucrados. De esta forma, el objetivo de este trabajo fue reflexionar sobre tales cuestiones a partir del relato de caso de una paciente sujeta a extubación paliativa en una unidad de emergencia referenciada.
Subject(s)
Palliative Care , Emergencies , Airway ExtubationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To evaluate olfactory function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and healthy controls over a 2-year period, and to determine the association of olfactory dysfunction with age, disease activity, disease damage, treatment, anxiety and depression symptoms and limbic structures volumes. METHODS: Consecutive SLE and SSc patients were enrolled in this study. Clinical, laboratory disease activity and damage were assessed according to diseases specific guidelines. Olfactory functions were evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test (TDI). Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in a 3T Phillips scanner. Amygdalae and hippocampi volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer® software. RESULTS: We included 143 SLE, 57 SSc and 166 healthy volunteers. Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 78 (54.5%) SLE, 35 (59.3%) SSc patients and in 24 (14.45%) controls (p<0.001) at study entry. SLE and SSc patients had significantly lower mean in all three phases (TDI) of the olfactory assessment when compared with healthy volunteers. In SLE, the presence of olfactory dysfunction was associated with older age, disease activity, higher anxiety and depression symptoms score, smaller left hippocampus volume, smaller left and right amygdalae volume and the presence of anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies. In SSc the presence of olfactory impairment was associated with older age, disease activity, smaller left and right hippocampi volumes and smaller right amygdala volume. Olfactory function was repeated after a 2-year period in 90 SLE, 35 SSc and 62 controls and was stable in all three groups. CONCLUSION: Both SLE and SSc patients with longstanding disease had significant reduction in all stages of TDI that maintained stable over a 2-year period. Olfactory dysfunction was associated with age, inflammation and hippocampi and amygdalae volumes. In SLE, additional association with anti-P, anxiety and depression symptoms was observed.
