ABSTRACT
We describe hepatitis C testing of 47 (2%) of 2,266 children diagnosed with perinatal hepatitis C who were exposed during 2018-2020 in 7 jurisdictions in the United States. Expected frequency of perinatal transmission is 5.8%, indicating only one third of the cases in this cohort were reported to public health authorities.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis C , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Child , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , United States/epidemiology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Rapidly urbanizing communities in middle-income countries could be sources of vaccine hesitancy, and may create hot spots of low vaccination coverage. This study characterizes vaccine hesitancy in Shanghai and identifies disparities in vaccine safety and efficacy concerns by residency status-a marker for recent migration into the city. METHODS: Parents of children aged ≤18 years from immunization clinics in Shanghai were enrolled in summer 2019, with the data analyzed during winter 2019-2020. The paper questionnaire used the Parental Attitudes towards Childhood Vaccines scale, which included questions about vaccine safety and efficacy concerns. The primary independent variable was residency-whether an individual was a Shanghai local or a recent migrant (i.e., non-local). Linear regression models assessed the relationship between residency and vaccine safety and efficacy concerns. RESULTS: Among 1,021 participants, 65.4% had local residency, and the remainder were urban non-locals (13.1%) or rural non-locals (21.5%). A majority of parents expressed concerns about vaccine side effects (73.8%), vaccine safety (63.9%), and vaccine effectiveness (52.4%). Compared with locals, rural non-locals were more concerned about vaccine side effects (ß=0.26, 95% CI=0.07, 0.46), vaccine safety (ß=0.42, 95% CI=0.19, 0.65), and vaccine effectiveness (ß=0.37, 95% CI=0.16, 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in vaccine hesitancy by residency could lead to geographical and sociodemographic disparities in vaccination coverage and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION: This article is part of a supplement entitled Global Vaccination Equity, which is sponsored by the Global Institute for Vaccine Equity at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.
