ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and urban yellow fever viruses. Indoor, ultra low volume (ULV) space spraying with pyrethroid insecticides is the main approach used for Ae. aegypti emergency control in many countries. Given the widespread use of this method, the lack of large-scale experiments or detailed evaluations of municipal spray programs is problematic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two experimental evaluations of non-residual, indoor ULV pyrethroid spraying were conducted in Iquitos, Peru. In each, a central sprayed sector was surrounded by an unsprayed buffer sector. In 2013, spray and buffer sectors included 398 and 765 houses, respectively. Spraying reduced the mean number of adults captured per house by ~83 percent relative to the pre-spray baseline survey. In the 2014 experiment, sprayed and buffer sectors included 1,117 and 1,049 houses, respectively. Here, the sprayed sector's number of adults per house was reduced ~64 percent relative to baseline. Parity surveys in the sprayed sector during the 2014 spray period indicated an increase in the proportion of very young females. We also evaluated impacts of a 2014 citywide spray program by the local Ministry of Health, which reduced adult populations by ~60 percent. In all cases, adult densities returned to near-baseline levels within one month. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrate that densities of adult Ae. aegypti can be reduced by experimental and municipal spraying programs. The finding that adult densities return to approximately pre-spray densities in less than a month is similar to results from previous, smaller scale experiments. Our results demonstrate that ULV spraying is best viewed as having a short-term entomological effect. The epidemiological impact of ULV spraying will need evaluation in future trials that measure capacity of insecticide spraying to reduce human infection or disease.
Subject(s)
Aedes/drug effects , Insect Vectors/drug effects , Insecticides/toxicity , Mosquito Control/methods , Aedes/physiology , Animals , Female , Insect Vectors/physiology , Insecticides/analysis , Male , Peru , Pyrethrins/analysis , Pyrethrins/toxicityABSTRACT
El objetivo principal es estimar la vulnerabilidad sísmica e índice de daño del Hospital II de Pucallpa de acuerdo a su sistema estructural en la región Ucayali, frente a eventos sísmicos por medio de un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Esto involucra conocer las características del Hospital, realizar un análisis de la vulnerabilidad sísmica. Y finalmente proporcionar una solución para mitigar el riesgo sísmico del Hospital II de Pucallpa - EsSalud. El tipo de investigación que se empleó por finalidad es la aplicada, porque que busca la aplicación o utilización de los conocimientos que se adquieren y el nivel de investigación es descriptiva, por cuanto a través de la información obtenida se va a identificar, describir, clasificar elementos y estructuras; analítica para luego dicha información obtener un modelamiento y procesamiento de datos que serán analizados mediante sus correspondientes variables y aplicativa ya que de los conocimientos que se tiene de estructuras en concreto armado serán combinados con los datos obtenidos del modelamiento. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: - La edificación de Administración, Esterilización Central, Radiología, Internamiento; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica insegura, índice de vulnerabilidad alta de 46.88%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 29.852% (VII), 65.78% (VIII) y 132.741% (IX); con riesgo sísmico alto, con derivas que no cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Emergencia, Medicina Física, Laboratorio; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 31.25%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 13.221% (VII), 30.429% (VIII) y 66.953% (IX); con riesgo sísmico medio; con derivas que no cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Consulta Externa; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico alto; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. Xi - La edificación de Cuidados Intensivos, cirugía, partos; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico alto; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Morgue; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico medio; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Usos Múltiples I; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica insegura, índice de vulnerabilidad alta de 40.63%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 21.627% (VII), 48.68% (VIII) y 102.337% (IX); con riesgo sísmico alto; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Usos Múltiples II; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 37.50%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 18.273% (VII), 41.711% (VIII) y 89.204% (IX); con riesgo sísmico alto; con derivas que no cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Pabellón Médicos; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico medio; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Pabellón Enfermeras; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico medio; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030. - La edificación de Atención Pública, sala de profesores y aulas; presenta vulnerabilidad sísmica segura, índice de vulnerabilidad media de 34.38%, índice de daño de acuerdo a su intensidad de 15.592% (VII), 35.66% (VIII) y 77.428% (IX); con riesgo sísmico medio; con derivas que cumplen de acuerdo a la Norma E-030.
Subject(s)
Earthquakes , Hospitals , Insurance, HealthABSTRACT
The study objective was to investigate an acute case of Chagas disease in the San Pedro de Shishita community, Pebas District, in the Peruvian Amazon basin, a non-endemic area. Both parents of the index case (acute case) were thoroughly interviewed, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the community, parasitological exams were carried out only in relatives of the index case, and triatomine bugs were searched for inside houses, peridomiciliary, and in wild environments. Seroprevalence for IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies was 1/104 (0.96%), using an ELISA test and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes adults were found. The index case is autochthonous from San Pedro de Shishita, but the source of transmission is unknown.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Indians, South American/statistics & numerical data , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/transmission , Child , Child, Preschool , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Insect Vectors , Male , Middle Aged , Panstrongylus , Peru/epidemiology , Rhodnius , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
The study objective was to investigate an acute case of Chagas disease in the San Pedro de Shishita community, Pebas District, in the Peruvian Amazon basin, a non-endemic area. Both parents of the index case (acute case) were thoroughly interviewed, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the community, parasitological exams were carried out only in relatives of the index case, and triatomine bugs were searched for inside houses, peridomiciliary, and in wild environments. Seroprevalence for IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies was 1/104 (0.96 percent), using an ELISA test and an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes adults were found. The index case is autochthonous from San Pedro de Shishita, but the source of transmission is unknown.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar caso da doença de Chagas aguda na comunidade indígena de San Pedro de Shishita, sem conhecimento da origem da transmissão. San Pedro de Shishita, distrito Pebas, região da Amazônia peruana é uma área não endêmica. Foram entrevistados os pais do paciente e feito inquérito soroepidemiológico dos participantes e estudos parasitológicos da família e procurou-se também triatomíneos no ambiente doméstico, peridomiciliar e silvestre. A soroprevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. cruzi foi 1/ 104 (0,96 por cento) por ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta. Foram encontrados adultos de Panstrongylus geniculatus e Rhodnius pictipes.
