ABSTRACT
Pyrimidine nucleotides are signaling molecules, which activate G protein-coupled membrane receptors of the P2Y family. P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptors are part of the P2Y family, which is composed of 8 subtypes that have been cloned and functionally defined. We have previously found that uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function following myocardial infarct (MI). The aim of the present study was to determine the role of P2Y(2) receptor in cardiac protection following MI using knockout (KO) mice, in vivo and wild type (WT) for controls. In both experimental groups used (WT and P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice) there were 3 subgroups: sham, MI, and MI+UTP. 24h post MI we performed echocardiography and measured infarct size using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining on all mice. Fractional shortening (FS) was higher in WT UTP-treated mice than the MI group (44.7±4.08% vs. 33.5±2.7% respectively, p<0.001). However, the FS of P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice were not affected by UTP treatment (34.7±5.3% vs. 35.9±2.9%). Similar results were obtained with TTC and hematoxylin and eosin stainings. Moreover, troponin T measurements demonstrated reduced myocardial damage in WT mice pretreated with UTP vs. untreated mice (8.8±4.6 vs. 12±3.1 p<0.05). In contrast, P2Y(2)(-/-) receptor KO mice pretreated with UTP did not demonstrate reduced myocardial damage. These results indicate that the P2Y(2) receptor mediates UTP cardioprotection, in vivo.
Subject(s)
Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy , Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2/genetics , Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2/metabolism , Uridine Triphosphate/therapeutic use , Animals , Diphosphates/metabolism , Genotype , Inflammation/metabolism , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Myocardial Infarction/metabolism , Myocardium/cytology , Myocardium/metabolism , Troponin T/blood , Ventricular Remodeling/drug effectsABSTRACT
Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of neural development and physical growth. The malnutrition and related medical complications resulting from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified may have more severe and potentially more protracted consequences during youth than during other age periods. The consensus opinion of an international workgroup of experts on the diagnosis and treatment of child and adolescent eating disorders is that (a) lower and more developmentally sensitive thresholds of symptom severity (e.g. lower frequency of purging behaviours, significant deviations from growth curves as indicators of clinical severity) be used as diagnostic boundaries for children and adolescents, (b) behavioural indicators of psychological features of eating disorders be considered even in the absence of direct self-report of such symptoms and (c) multiple informants (e.g. parents) be used to ascertain symptom profiles. Collectively, these recommendations will permit earlier identification and intervention to prevent the exacerbation of eating disorder symptoms.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Feeding and Eating Disorders/classification , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Health Planning Guidelines , Adolescent , Adolescent Development , Anorexia Nervosa/diagnosis , Anorexia Nervosa/psychology , Bulimia Nervosa/diagnosis , Bulimia Nervosa/psychology , Child , Child Development , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Humans , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: : The purpose of this article is to summarize major conceptual and clinical variables related to age-appropriate and developmentally appropriate classification of eating problems and disorders in children and adolescents. METHOD: A review of current classifications and related literature in child development is provided. Problems with current classification schemes are identified and discussed. RESULTS: Current classifications are inadequate to address the clinical and research needs of children and adolescents with eating disturbances and disorders. CONCLUSION: A range of possible changes in classification strategies for eating disorders in children and adolescents are described.
Subject(s)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Feeding and Eating Disorders/classification , Adolescent , Age of Onset , Child , Child Development , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An accurate assessment of fluid status in haemodialysis patients presents a significant challenge especially in growing children. Clinical parameters of hydration are not always reliable, and invasive methods such as measurement of central venous pressure cannot be used routinely. We evaluated the usefulness of inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) measured by echocardiography in the estimation of hydration in children on haemodialysis. METHODS: Fifteen haemodialysis patients (mean age 14 years) were evaluated. Clinical assessment included patients' symptoms, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, presence of oedema and vascular congestion, before and after dialysis session. Dry weight was assessed based on the above parameters. Fifty-two echocardiographic studies immediately prior and 30-60 min following dialysis were performed. The anteroposterior IVCD was measured 1.5 cm below the diaphragm in the hepatic segment in supine position during normal inspiration and expiration. IVCD was expressed per body surface area. RESULTS: Following haemodialysis mean IVCD (average of expiration and inspiration) decreased from 1.12+/-0.38 to 0.75+/-0.26 cm/m(2) (P<0.0001). Changes in IVCD were significantly correlated with alterations in body weight following dialysis (P<0.0001). The collapse index (per cent of change in IVCD in expiration vs inspiration) increased significantly after dialysis (P=0.035). IVCD clearly reflected alterations in fluid status. It did not vary significantly with changes in dry weight in a given patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the applicability of VCD measurement in the estimation of hydration status in paediatric haemodialysis patients. The combination of clinical parameters and measurement of IVCD may enable more accurate evaluation of hydration of children on haemodialysis.
Subject(s)
Renal Dialysis , Vena Cava, Inferior/diagnostic imaging , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Blood Pressure , Body Surface Area , Body Weight , Child , Child, Preschool , Echocardiography , Edema , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Male , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Respiratory Mechanics , Supine Position , Vena Cava, Inferior/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The present study examined changes in women's mood states resulting from their viewing pictures in fashion magazines of models who represent a thin ideal. METHOD: Female university students completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (BPSS), and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). They were then exposed to 20 slides; the experimental group (N = 51) viewed images of female fashion models and a control group (N = 67) viewed slides containing no human figures. All subjects then completed the POMS and the BPSS again. RESULTS: Women were more depressed (R2 = 0.745, p < .05) and more angry (R2 = 0.73, p < .01) following exposure to slides of female fashion models. DISCUSSION: Viewing images of female fashion models had an immediate negative effect on women's mood. This study, therefore, supports the hypothesis that media images do play a role in disordered eating.
