Compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar: a situação do Rio Grande do Norte / Purchase of food from family farming for school feeding: the situation in Rio Grande do Norte

RESUMO Objetivou-se caracterizar o cenário da aquisição dos alimentos provenientes da Agricultura Familiar (AF) para o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nos municípios do Rio Grande do Norte. Pesquisa avaliativa com delineamento ecológico, utilizando dados do Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em 2017 e 2018. Avaliaram-se 31 municípios, analisando o percentual de aquisição de alimentos da AF para a alimentação escolar, além das possíveis dificuldades nesse processo, utilizando variáveis relacionadas com governança e gestão, estabilidade e disponibilidade de alimentos. Dos municípios avaliados, mais de 50% adquiriram alimentos da AF no ano anterior e afirmaram a compra no ano atual. Todos relataram empregar o modelo de gestão centralizada, 29% declararam aquisição menor que 30%, 9,7%, aquisição acima de 30%, e 61,3% não souberam informar. Quanto às principais dificuldades relacionadas com governança e gestão, a articulação intersetorial e o edital de chamada pública ganharam destaque. Sobre a estabilidade de alimentos, destacaram-se as condições higienicossanitárias necessárias, e em relação à disponibilidade de alimentos, a aquisição de alimentos orgânicos mostrou-se como uma dificuldade elencada por 80,6% dos municípios.

ABSTRACT The objective was to characterize the scenario of acquisition of food from Family Farming (AF) for the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in the municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte. An evaluative research with an ecological design, using data from the Collaborating Center for School Food and Nutrition of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in 2017 and 2018. 31 municipalities were evaluated, analyzing the percentage of food purchases from AF for school meals, in addition to of the possible difficulties in this process, using variables related to governance and management, stability and availability of food. Of the evaluated municipalities, more than 50% purchased food from the AF in the previous year and confirmed the purchase in the current year. All reported using the centralized management model, 29% declared acquisition less than 30%, 9.7%, acquisition above 30%, and 61.3% were unable to inform. As for the main difficulties related to governance and management, intersectorial articulation and the public call notice were highlighted. Regarding food stability, the necessary hygienic-sanitary conditions were highlighted, and in relation to food availability, the purchase of organic food was shown to be a difficulty listed by 80.6% of the municipalities.

Processed and ultra-processed foods are associated with high prevalence of inadequate selenium intake and low prevalence of vitamin B1 and zinc inadequacy in adolescents from public schools in an urban area of northeastern Brazil.

Changes in eating behavior of adolescents are associated with high consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods. This study evaluated the association between these foods and the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 444 adolescents from public schools in the city of Natal, northeastern Brazil. The adolescents' habitual food consumption was evaluated using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Foods were categorized according to the degree of processing (processed and ultra-processed) and distributed into energy quartiles, using the NOVA classification system. Inadequacies in micronutrient intake were assessed using the estimated average requirement (EAR) as the cutoff point. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between energy percentage from processed and ultra-processed foods and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake. The mean (Standard Deviation (SD)) consumption of total energy from processed foods ranged from 5.8% (1.7%) in Q1 to 20.6% (2.9%) in Q4, while the mean consumption of total energy from ultra-processed foods ranged from 21.4% (4.9%) in Q1 to 61.5% (11.7%) in Q4. The rates of inadequate intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, calcium, and selenium were above 80% for both sexes across all age groups. Energy consumption from processed foods was associated with higher prevalence of inadequate selenium intake (p < 0.01) and lower prevalence of inadequate vitamin B1 intake (p = 0.04). Energy consumption from ultra-processed foods was associated with lower prevalence of inadequate zinc and vitamin B1 intake (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). An increase in the proportion of energy obtained from processed and ultra-processed foods may reflect higher prevalence of inadequate selenium intake and lower prevalence of vitamin B1 and zinc inadequacy.

Dietary patterns of young adolescents in urban areas of Northeast Brazil / Los patrones dietéticos de los adolescentes jóvenes de las zonas urbanas del noreste de Brasil

Background: Temporal trends in dietary patterns reveal associations between food consumption and increased prevalence of non-communicable chronic disease. Objectives: This study characterized dietary patterns in adolescents in urban area located in northeast of Brazil, relating it to the markers of a healthy diet. Methods: A cross-sectional study used two 24-hour recalls to assess dietary intake in 430 public school students from Natal-RN, Brazil. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns according to consumption of food based on weight (grams), energy (Kcal), or fiber (grams). The analysis results yielded 3 distinct principal components: 7, 8, and 4 (cumulative variance >70%; factor loadings >0.4). The association between independent variables and the factor scores of all components obtained was determined by the Prevalence Ratio (CI 95%). Results: The dietary patterns derived were: (1) Pure Traditional Food System, the highly representative pattern in young adolescents and the first component of the analytical models, (2) Combined and Risk Food System; extraction of total food weight and energy revealed markers of unhealthy diets based on high sugar, saturated fat, and salt consumption, and (3) Modified Traditional Food System represented by fiber; pattern 1 was observed within this model too. The associations observed, predominantly from the TFSm pattern, distinguished by sex, age and nutritional status. Conclusions: Patterns 1 and 3 are characterized by preserved regional food practices that prevent chronic disease, whereas pattern 2 is characterized by health risks. These inter-sectorial findings should be considered in the development of health care policies for children and adolescents (AU)

Introducción: Estudios nacionales de evolución temporal encuentran que la tendencia del consumo alimentario se asocia con aumento de la prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas. Objetivos: Caracterizar los hábitos alimentarios de los adolescentes en un área urbana del Noreste de Brasil, relacionándolos con los marcadores dietéticos saludables. Métodos: Estudio transversal con adolescentes (n=430) de las escuelas públicas de Natal-RN, Brasil. El consumo alimentario se evaluó mediante dos recordatorios 24h. La técnica de Análisis de Componentes Principales fue utilizada para derivar patrones dietéticos, de acuerdo con: alimentos en gramos (g), la energía en Kcal y la fibra en gramos, lo que resulta, respectivamente, en 3 componentes principales distintos: 7, 8 y 4 (varianza acumulada >70%; cargas factoriales >0,4). La asociación entre las variables independientes y los escores de los factores de todos los componentes obtenidos, se determinó por la razón de prevalencia (IC 95%). Resultados: Los patrones dietéticos fueron: el (1) Sistema Alimentario Tradicional puro representó el primero componente de los modelos; el (2) Sistema Alimentario Combinado y de riesgo reveló marcadores de alimentación no saludables, debido a la alta frecuencia de azucares refinados, grasas saturadas y sal; y el (3) Sistema Alimentario Modificado fue identificado en el modelo de las fibras, el patrón 1 de nuevo fue observado en este patrón. Las asociaciones observadas, en particular del patrón SATm, distinguen por sexo, edad y estado nutricional. Conclusiones: Los patrones dietéticos 1 y 3 se caracterizaron por la preservación de las prácticas regionales de alimentos, muy saludables, desde el punto de vista de la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas, mientras que el 2 representó alerta y riesgo para la salud. Los hallazgos pueden subvencionar Políticas de Atención a la Salud para infancia y adolescencia en carácter intersectorial (AU)

Variance sources and ratios to estimate energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of adolescents from public schools, Natal, Brazil / Fontes e razões de variância para estimar a ingestão de energia e nutrientes de uma amostra de adolescentes de escolas públicas

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the sources of dietary variance, and determine the variance ratios and the number of days needed for estimating the habitual diet of adolescents. METHODS: Two 24 hour food recalls were used for estimating the energy, macronutrient, fatty acid, fiber and cholesterol intakes of 366 adolescents attending Public Schools in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The variance ratio between the intrapersonal and interpersonal variances, determined by Analysis of Variance, was calculated. The number of days needed for estimating the habitual intake of each nutrient was given by the hypothetical correlation (r)>0.9 between the actual and observed nutrient intakes. RESULTS: Sources of interpersonal variation were higher for all nutrients and in both genders. Variance ratios were <1 for all nutrients and higher in women. Two 24 hour dietary recalls were enough to assess energy, carbohydrate, fiber and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes accurately. However, the accurate assessment of protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol intakes required three 24 hour recalls. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal dietary variance in adolescents was greater than intrapersonal variance for all nutrients, resulting in a variance ratio of less than 1. Two to three 24 hour recalls, depending on gender and the study nutrient, are necessary for estimating the habitual diet of this population.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as fontes de variância da dieta, determinar as razões de variâncias e o número de dias necessários para estimar a dieta habitual em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A ingestão de energia, macronutrientes, ácidos graxos, fibra e colesterol foram estimadas por meio de dois recordatórios de 24 horas, aplicados em 366 adolescentes de escolas públicas de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. A razão de variância foi calculada entre o componente da variância intrapessoal e interpessoal, determinada pela Análise de Variância. A definição do número de dias para a estimativa da ingestão habitual de cada nutriente foi obtida considerando a correlação hipotética de (r)>0,9, entre a verdadeira ingestão de nutrientes e a observada. RESULTADOS: As fontes de variância interpessoal foram maiores para todos os nutrientes e em ambos os sexos. As razões de variâncias foram <1 para todos os nutrientes, e mais elevadas no sexo feminino. Dois dias de recordatórios de 24 horas seriam suficientes para avaliar com precisão o consumo de energia, carboidratos, fibra, ácidos graxos saturados e monoinsaturados, exceto para proteínas, lipídeos, ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e o colesterol, que necessitariam de três dias. CONCLUSÃO: A variância interpessoal da dieta dos adolescentes foi maior do que a intrapessoal, para todos os nutrientes, repercutindo em uma razão de variância menor que 1. Para estimar a dieta habitual nesta população, uma variação de dois a três dias é necessária considerando o sexo e o nutriente avaliado.

Dietary patterns of young adolescents in urban areas of northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Temporal trends in dietary patterns reveal associations between food consumption and increased prevalence of non-communicable chronic disease. OBJECTIVES: This study characterized dietary patterns in adolescents in urban area located in northeast of Brazil, relating it to the markers of a healthy diet. METHODS: A cross-sectional study used two 24-hour recalls to assess dietary intake in 430 public school students from Natal-RN, Brazil. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns according to consumption of food based on weight (grams), energy (Kcal), or fiber (grams). The analysis results yielded 3 distinct principal components: 7, 8, and 4 (cumulative variance >70%; factor loadings >0.4). The association between independent variables and the factor scores of all components obtained was determined by the Prevalence Ratio (CI 95%). RESULTS: The dietary patterns derived were: (1) Pure Traditional Food System, the highly representative pattern in young adolescents and the first component of the analytical models, (2) Combined and Risk Food System; extraction of total food weight and energy revealed markers of unhealthy diets based on high sugar, saturated fat, and salt consumption, and (3) Modified Traditional Food System represented by fiber; pattern 1 was observed within this model too. The associations observed, predominantly from the TFSm pattern, distinguished by sex, age and nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns 1 and 3 are characterized by preserved regional food practices that prevent chronic disease, whereas pattern 2 is characterized by health risks. These inter-sectorial findings should be considered in the development of health care policies for children and adolescents.

Introducción: Estudios nacionales de evolución temporal encuentran que la tendencia del consumo alimentario se asocia con aumento de la prevalencia de las enfermedades crónicas. Objetivos: Caracterizar los hábitos alimentarios de los adolescentes en un área urbana del Noreste de Brasil, relacionándolos con los marcadores dietéticos saludables. Métodos: Estudio transversal con adolescentes (n=430) de las escuelas públicas de Natal-RN, Brasil. El consumo alimentario se evaluó mediante dos recordatorios 24h. La técnica de Análisis de Componentes Principales fue utilizada para derivar patrones dietéticos, de acuerdo con: alimentos en gramos (g), la energía en Kcal y la fibra en gramos, lo que resulta, respectivamente, en 3 componentes principales distintos: 7, 8 y 4 (varianza acumulada >70%; cargas factoriales >0,4). La asociación entre las variables independientes y los escores de los factores de todos los componentes obtenidos, se determinó por la razón de prevalencia (IC 95%). Resultados: Los patrones dietéticos fueron: el (1) Sistema Alimentario Tradicional puro representó el primero componente de los modelos; el (2) Sistema Alimentario Combinado y de riesgo reveló marcadores de alimentación no saludables, debido a la alta frecuencia de azucares refinados, grasas saturadas y sal; y el (3) Sistema Alimentario Modificado fue identificado en el modelo de las fibras, el patrón 1 de nuevo fue observado en este patrón. Las asociaciones observadas, en particular del patrón SATm, distinguen por sexo, edad y estado nutricional. Conclusiones: Los patrones dietéticos 1 y 3 se caracterizaron por la preservación de las prácticas regionales de alimentos, muy saludables, desde el punto de vista de la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas, mientras que el 2 representó alerta y riesgo para la salud. Los hallazgos pueden subvencionar Políticas de Atención a la Salud para infancia y adolescencia en carácter intersectorial.

Risco coronariano em adolescentes estimado pelo índice de conicidade / Coronary risk in adolescents as estimated by the conicity index

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of coronary risk using the conicity index and to compare this index with other indicators of body adiposity in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study with 185 adolescent students from public schools in Natal, Brazil, selected by random samplingin two stages, considering the two health districts of the city. The corporal adiposity was assessed using conicity index, abdominal circumferences,waist-height ratio and body mass index. Sexual maturity was clinically assessed according to Tanner. Measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean, median and standard deviation) and percentiles distribution of the corporal adiposity are compared according to sex. The correlation between conicity index and other variables of the corporal adiposity was performed using Pearson's partial correlation, considering age, sex and sexual maturation. These findings verified that 27.6% of adolescents have high coronary risk, regardless of sex (p=0,764). The low/medium and high categories of coronary risks were respectively 1.16 and 1.20, for the median values of conicity index concerning both sexes. Strong correlations were found between conicity index and the waist-height ratio (0.732), followed by moderate correlations with abdominal circumferences and the bodymass index. All correlations were significant (p < 0.0001). Therefore, the prevalence of high coronary risk rates was considerable. The conicity indexis strongly correlated with the waist-height ratio. This index can be used inadolescent coronary disease screening.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de riesgo coronario en adolescentes mediante el índice de conicidad y evaluar su relación con otros indicadores antropométricos de grasa corporal. Es un estudio transversal con 185 adolescentes de escuelas pública sen dos distritos de salud de la ciudad de Natal, RN, Brasil, seleccionados mediante muestre o estratificado en dos etapas. La adiposidad corporal fue evaluada por el índice de conicidad, las circunferencias dela cintura, relación cintura / talla e índice de masa corporal. La madurez sexual fue clínicamente evaluada de acuerdo a Tanner. Todas las variables relacionadas con la adiposidad se analizaron mediante medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, según el sexo. El coeficiente de correlación parcial de Pearson fue utilizado para verificar la relación entre el índice de conicidad y otras variables antropométricas, ajustado por edad, sexo y madurez sexual. Los resultados mostraron que 27,6% de los adolescentes presentan alto riesgo coronario, independientemente del sexo (p = 0,764). Los valores promedio de este índice, por categoría de riesgo: bajo/medio y alto fueron1,16 y 1,20, respectivamente para ambos sexos. Se observó una elevada correlación entre el índice de conicidad y el de cintura-altura(0, 732) y correlaciones moderadas con la circunferencia de la cintura y el IMC, todas estadísticamente significativas (p <0,0001). Porlo tanto, el alto riesgo coronario estimado por el índice de conicidad mostró elevada correlación, positiva y significativa, con el de cintura-altura. Este índice puede ser utilizado en adolescentes para detección de enfermedades coronarias.

Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de risco coronariano em adolescentes, utilizando o índice de conicidade e avaliar sua relação com outros indicadores antropométricos de excesso de a diposidade corporal. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 185 adolescentesde escolas públicas municipais de dois distritos sanitários de Natal, selecionados por amostra estratificada, em dois estágios. A adiposidade corporal foi avaliada pelo índice de conicidade, circunferências abdominais, razão cintura altura e índice de massa corporal. A maturação sexual foi avaliada conforme classificação de Tanner. Todas as variáveis relacionadas à adiposidade corporal foram analisadas por medidas de tendência central e de dispersão, segundo o sexo. A correlação parcial de Pearson foi utilizada para verificar a relação entre o índice de conicidade e as demais variáveis antropométricas, ajustadas por idade, sexo e maturação sexual. Os resultados indicaram que 27,6% dos adolescentes apresentaram risco coronariano elevado, sem associação com o sexo (p = 0,764). Os valores médios deste índice, segundo as categorias de risco baixo/médio e elevado foram 1,16 e 1,20, respectivamente para ambos os sexos. Constatou-se uma forte correlação entre o índice de conicidade e a razão cintura-altura (0,732) e correlações moderadas com as circunferências abdominais e o índice de massa corporal, todas significantes estatisticamente (p<0,0001). Dessa forma, o risco coronariano avaliado pelo índice de conicidade apresentou alta magnitude e mostrou correlação positiva e significante com a razão cintura-altura. Destaca-se, portanto, que este índice pode ser utilizado na triagem para a detecção precoce de eventos cardiovasculares em adolescentes.