A novel Doppler backscattering (DBS) system to simultaneously measure radio frequency plasma fluctuations and low frequency turbulence.

A novel quadrature Doppler Backscattering (DBS) system has been developed and optimized for the E-band (60-90 GHz) frequency range using either O-mode or X-mode polarization in DIII-D plasmas. In general, DBS measures the amplitude of density fluctuations and their velocity in the lab frame. The system can simultaneously monitor both low-frequency turbulence (f < 10 MHz) and radiofrequency plasma density fluctuations over a selectable frequency range (20-500 MHz). Detection of high-frequency fluctuations has been demonstrated for low harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency (e.g., 2fci ∼ 23 MHz) and externally driven high-frequency helicon waves (f = 476 MHz) using an adjustable frequency down conversion system. Importantly, this extends the application of DBS to a high-frequency spectral domain while maintaining important turbulence and flow measurement capabilities. This unique system has low phase noise, good temporal resolution (sub-millisecond), and excellent wavenumber coverage (kθ ∼ 1-20 cm-1 and kr ≲ 30 cm-1). As a demonstration, localized internal DIII-D plasma measurements are presented from turbulence (f ≤ 5 MHz), Alfvenic waves (f ∼ 6.5 MHz), ion cyclotron waves (f ≥ 20 MHz), as well as fluctuations around 476 MHz driven by an external high-power 476 MHz helicon wave antenna. In the future, helicon measurements will be used to validate GENRAY and AORSA modeling tools for prediction of helicon wave propagation, absorption, and current drive location for the newly installed helicon current drive system on DIII-D.

Upgrades to the ion cyclotron emission diagnostic on the DIII-D tokamak.

The ion cyclotron emission diagnostic on the DIII-D tokamak comprises seven single-turn loops that measure high-frequency (1-100 MHz) magnetic field fluctuations that are often excited by energetic particles in the plasma. The raw voltage signals induced in the loops in response to these fluctuations travel through a series of cables, isolation transformer DC blocks, low-pass filters, and finally a digitizer before being analyzed in frequency space. The diagnostic has been recently upgraded, most notably to include four additional graphite tile loops and a new eight-channel digitizer. The previous three loops are all on the low-field side of the tokamak. The measurement capabilities of the system have been expanded by the addition of a new horizontally oriented loop on the low-field side, an additional toroidal loop on the low-field side, and two toroidal loops on the high-field side. These loops will be used to provide approximate mode polarization, improved toroidal mode number calculations, and information on modes in inward-shifted plasmas, respectively.

Stabilization of Alfvén Eigenmodes in DIII-D via Controlled Energetic Ion Density Ramp and Validation of Theory and Simulations.

Fast-ion driven Alfvén waves with frequency close to the ion cyclotron frequency (f=0.58f_{ci}) excited by energetic ions from a neutral beam are stabilized via a controlled energetic ion density ramp for the first time in a fusion research plasma. The scaling of wave amplitude with injection rate is consistent with theory for single mode collisional saturation near marginal stability. The wave is identified as a shear-polarized global Alfvén eigenmode excited by Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance with fast ions with sub-Alfvénic energetic ions, a first in fusion research plasmas.

Radio frequency measurements of energetic-particle-driven emission using the ion cyclotron emission diagnostic on the DIII-D tokamak.

The Ion Cyclotron Emission (ICE) diagnostic on the DIII-D tokamak consists of two outboard midplane systems. In the first system, straps of an ion cyclotron range of frequencies antenna are configured as receiving antennas. For the second system, dedicated magnetic probes incorporated into the outer wall of carbon tiles have recently been restored. These systems collected a large set of radio frequency measurements in the 2015-2018 experimental campaigns by digitizing signals at 200 MSamples/s for ∼5 s per discharge. Each shot typically yields 32 GB of data; techniques for successful handling and analysis of this challengingly large dataset are discussed. The raw voltage fluctuations (<0.2 V and <1 mW) are analyzed in frequency space via fast Fourier transforms. Signals can be analyzed between 1 and 200 MHz with appropriate filtering and aliasing; this frequency range is limited by DC breaks used to provide 5 kV DC isolation. These high-frequency signals are driven by energetic ions and electrons. In particular, energetic-ion-driven ICE occurs at harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency, enabling the frequency to be mapped to lab space via equilibrium reconstruction. In many DIII-D plasmas, ICE is emitted from the radial center of the plasma.

Quiescent double barrier regime in the DIII-D tokamak.

A new sustained high-performance regime, combining discrete edge and core transport barriers, has been discovered in the DIII-D tokamak. Edge localized modes (ELMs) are replaced by a steady oscillation that increases edge particle transport, thereby allowing particle control with no ELM-induced pulsed divertor heat load. The core barrier resembles those usually seen with a low (L) mode edge, without the degradation often associated with ELMs. The barriers are separated by a narrow region of high transport associated with a zero crossing in the E x B shearing rate.

Bone grafting for nonunion of fractures of the tibia: a critical review.

This study concerns the results of treatment of 39 patients with 40 tibial fractures which had progressed to nonunion and which subsequently were treated by autogenous bone grafting and cast immobilization. Thirty-one fractures were initially open and nine of these became infected nonunions. Thirty-four fractures united after bone grafting, four other patients finally required amputations, and two tibiae healed after subsequent internal fixation. The functional results, especially as related to ankle and subtalar joints, the residual tibial deformities, shortening and cosmetic results, were less than optimal. The difficulty with correcting and maintaining correction of the initial deformity and long periods of joint immobilization contributed to these results. Each patient with a nonunion of the tibia should be assessed so that a recommendation as to the need for immobilization, its type, and the necessity for bone grafting or not can be made.