ABSTRACT
15-Deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2) has been recently proposed as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. However, the mechanisms by which 15dPGJ(2) mediates its therapeutic effects in vivo are unclear. We demonstrate that 15dPGJ(2) at micromolar (2.5-10 microm) concentrations induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an anti-inflammatory enzyme, at both mRNA and protein levels in human lymphocytes. In contrast, troglitazone and ciglitazone, two thiazolidinediones that mimic several effects of 15dPGJ(2) through their binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, did not affect HO-1 expression, and the positive effect of 15dPGJ(2) on this process was mimicked instead by other cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PG), such as PGD(2) (the precursor of 15dPGJ(2)) and PGA(1) and PGA(2) which do not interact with PPAR-gamma. Also, 15dPGJ(2) enhanced the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased xanthine oxidase activity in vitro. Inhibition of intracellular ROS production by N-acetylcysteine, TEMPO, Me(2)SO, 1,10-phenanthroline, or allopurinol resulted in a decreased 15dPGJ(2)-dependent HO-1 expression in the cells. Furthermore, buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of reduced glutathione synthesis, or Fe(2+)/Cu(2+) ions enhanced the positive effect of 15dPGJ(2) on HO-1 expression. On the other hand, the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, or the blockade of transcription factor NF-kappaB activation, hindered 15dPGJ(2)-elicited HO-1 expression. Collectively, the present data suggest that 15dPGJ(2) anti-inflammatory actions at pharmacological concentrations involve the induction of HO-1 gene expression through mechanisms independent of PPAR-gamma activation and dependent on ROS produced via the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and/or through Fenton reactions. Both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways also appear implicated in modulation of HO-1 expression by 15dPGJ(2).
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/metabolism , Lymphocytes/enzymology , Prostaglandin D2/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species , Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Allopurinol/chemistry , Allopurinol/pharmacology , Blotting, Western , Buthionine Sulfoximine/metabolism , Buthionine Sulfoximine/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Chromans/pharmacology , Cyclic N-Oxides/pharmacology , Cyclopentanes/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Glutathione/chemistry , Glutathione/metabolism , Heme Oxygenase-1 , Humans , Ions , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Membrane Proteins , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phenanthrolines/pharmacology , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction , Temperature , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology , Time Factors , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Troglitazone , Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism , Xanthine Oxidase/pharmacology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesABSTRACT
Hyperhomocysteinaemia has recently been recognized as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. However, the action mechanisms of homocysteine (Hcy) are not well understood. Given that Hcy may be involved in the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the vascular wall, we have investigated the role of Hcy in essential functions of human neutrophils. We show that Hcy increased superoxide anion (O2*-) release by neutrophils to the extracellular medium, and that this effect was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activity. The enzyme from rat peritoneal macrophages displayed a similar response. These effects were accompanied by a time-dependent increased translocation of p47phox and p67phox subunits of NADPH oxidase to the plasma membrane. We also show that Hcy increased intracellular H2O2 production by neutrophils, that Hcy enhanced the activation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), specifically p38-MAPK and ERK1/2, and that the migration of neutrophils was increased by Hcy. Present results are the first evidence that Hcy enhances the oxidative stress of neutrophils, and underscore the potential role of phagocytic cells in vascular wall injury through O2*- release in hyperhomocysteinaemia conditions.
