Effects of the Type of Exercise Training on Bone Health Parameters in Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review.

Interventional studies offer strong evidence for exercise's osteogenic impact on bone particularly during growth. With rising osteoporosis rates in older women, enhancing bone strength early in life is crucial. Thus, investigating the osteogenic effects of different types of physical activities in young females is crucial. Despite varied findings, only two systematic reviews tried to explore this topic without examining how different types of exercise may affect bone health in adolescent girls. The first aim of this systematic review was to assess the impact of exercise training on bone health parameters in adolescent girls, and the second aim was to investigate whether the type of exercise training can modulate this effect. A systematic literature search was conducted using common electronic databases from inception - January 2023. Seven studies (355 participants) were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. Two studies dealt with resistance training, 3 studies applied plyometric training, 1 study used team sports, and 1 study used dancing. Results indicate that plyometric training increases lumbar spine bone mass in adolescent girls. Well-designed randomized controlled trials with a proper training period (> 12 weeks) are needed to advocate a specific type of training which has the highest osteogenic effect.

The Effects of a 1-Year Recreational Kung Fu Protocol on Bone Health Parameters in a Group of Healthy Inactive Young Men.

The main aim of the current study was to explore the effects of a 1-year recreational Kung Fu protocol on bone health parameters (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck geometry and composite indices of femoral neck strength) in a group of healthy inactive young men. 54 young inactive men voluntarily participated in this study, but only 51 of them completed it. The participants were assigned to 2 different groups: control group (n=31) and Kung Fu group (n=20). The Kung Fu group performed two sessions of recreational Kung Fu per week; the duration of each session was 45 minutes. The current study has demonstrated that whole body (WB) BMC, ultra-distal (UD) radius BMD, 1/3 radius BMD, total radius BMD, total forearm BMD, maximal strength, maximum oxygen consumption and jumping performance increased in the Kung Fu group but not in the control group. The percentages of variations in WB BMC, forearm BMD and physical performance parameters were significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that recreational Kung Fu is an effective method to improve WB BMC, forearm BMD and physical performance parameters in young inactive men.

The Effects of a 1-Year Recreational Football Protocol on Bone Health Parameters in a Group of Healthy Inactive 50-Year-Old Men.

The main aim of the current study was to explore the effects of a 1-year recreational football protocol on bone health parameters (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck geometry and composite indices of femoral neck strength) in a group of healthy inactive 50-year-old men. 51 middle-aged men voluntarily participated in this study, but only 41 of them completed it. Thus, the study population included 11 former football (FF) players and 30 inactive men. Inactive men were assigned to 3 different groups: controls (n=10), recreational football 30 (RF30; n=10) and recreational football 60 (RF60; n=10). The RF30 group performed two sessions of recreational football per week; the duration of each session was 30 minutes. The RF60 group performed two sessions of recreational football per week; the duration of each session was 60 minutes. The current study has demonstrated that whole body (WB) BMC, femoral neck BMD, cross-sectional moment of inertia, compression strength index, bending strength index and impact strength index increased in both experimental groups (RF30 and RF60) but not in the control group. The percentages of variations in bone health parameters were not significantly different between RF30 and RF60. In conclusion, this study suggests that recreational football is an effective method to improve bone health parameters in middle-aged men. In the studied population, most of the bone health benefits occurred after a low volume training protocol (2 * 30 minutes of recreational football per week).

Subchondral tibial bone texture of conventional X-rays predicts total knee arthroplasty.

Lacking disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is often considered an important clinical outcome. Thus, it is important to determine the most relevant factors that are associated with the risk of TKA. The present study aims to develop a model based on a combination of X-ray trabecular bone texture (TBT) analysis, and clinical and radiological information to predict TKA risk in patients with or at risk of developing KOA. This study involved 4382 radiographs, obtained from the OsteoArthritis Initiative (OAI) cohort. Cases were defined as patients with TKA on at least one knee prior to the 108-month follow-up time point and controls were defined as patients who had never undergone TKA. The proposed TKA-risk prediction model, combining TBT parameters and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades, was performed using logistic regression. The proposed model achieved an AUC of 0.92 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.90, 0.93), while the KL model achieved an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.84, 0.86; p < 0.001). This study presents a new TKA prediction model with a good performance permitting the identification of at risk patient with a good sensitivy and specificity, with a 60% increase in TKA case prediction as reflected by the recall values.

Predicting manual wheelchair initiation movement with EMG activity during over ground propulsion.

Context/Objective: This is a preliminary study of movement finalities prediction in manual wheelchairs (MWCs) from electromyography (EMG) data. MWC users suffer from musculoskeletal disorders and need assistance while moving. The purpose of this work is to predict the direction and speed of movement in MWCs from EMG data prior to movement initiation. This prediction could be used by MWC to assist users in their displacement by doing a smart electrical assistance based on displacement prediction.Design: Experimental study.Setting: Trained Subject LAMIH Laboratory.Participants: Eight healthy subjects trained to move in manual wheelchairs.Interventions: Subjects initiated the movement in three directions (front, right and left) and with two speeds (maximum speed and spontaneous speed) from two hand positions (on the thighs or on the handrim). A total of 96 movements was studied. Activation of 14 muscles was recorded bilaterally at the deltoid anterior, deltoid posterior, biceps brachii, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, obliquus externus and erector spinae.Outcome Measures: Prior amplitude, prior time and anticipatory postural adjustments were measured. A hierarchical multi-class classification using logistic regression was used to create a cascade of prediction models. We performed a stepwise (forward-backward) selection of variables using the Bayesian information criterion. Percentages of well-classified movements have been measured through the means of a cross-validation.Results: Prediction is possible using the EMG parameters and allows to discriminate the direction / speed combination with 95% correct classification on the 6 possible classes (3 directions * 2 speeds).Conclusion: Action planning in the static position showed significant adaptability to the forthcoming parameters displacement. The percentages of prediction presented in this work make it possible to envision an intuitive assistance to the initiation of the MWC displacement adapted to the user's intentions.

Limb Muscular Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Subjects with Low Skeletal Muscle Mass Index.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between limb muscular strength and bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of elderly subjects with low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI).55 elderly Lebanese subjects (35 women and 20 men) participated in the current study. Handgrip, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) dumbbell curl (1-RM biceps), 1-RM lying one arm triceps (1-RM triceps), 1-RM calf raise, 1-RM leg extension and 1-RM leg curl were evaluated using validated methods.In both genders, 1-RM biceps, 1-RM triceps, 1-RM leg extension and 1-RM leg curl were positively correlated to total hip BMD. The current study shows that limb muscular strength is positively correlated to hip BMD in elderly subjects with low SMI. This may have clinical implications in the field of osteoporosis prevention in elderly subjects with low SMI.

Does the Severity of Obesity Influence Bone Mineral Density Values in Premenopausal Women?

The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and geometric indices of hip bone strength among 3 groups of adult obese premenopausal women (severely obese, morbidly obese, and super morbidly obese). This study included 65 young adult premenopausal women whose body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2. They were divided into 3 groups using international cut-offs for BMI. Body composition and bone variables were measured by DXA. DXA measurements were completed for the whole body (WB), lumbar spine, total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN). Geometric indices of FN strength (cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia [CSMI], section modulus [Z], strength index [SI], and buckling ratio) were calculated by DXA. Results showed that age and height were not significantly different among the 3 groups. WB BMC values were higher in super morbidly obese women compared to severely and morbidly obese women. WB BMD, L1-L4 BMD, total hip BMD, FN BMD, cross-sectional area, CSMI, Z, and buckling ratio values were not significantly different among the 3 groups. SI values were lower in super morbidly obese compared to morbidly and severely obese women. In the whole population (n = 65), body weight, BMI, lean mass, fat mass, and trunk fat mass were positively correlated to WB BMC and negatively correlated to SI. Weight and lean mass were positively correlated to WB BMD and CSMI. Our findings suggest that the severity of obesity does not influence BMD values in premenopausal women.

Sarcopenia negatively affects hip structure analysis variables in a group of Lebanese postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: The current study's purpose is to compare hip structural analysis variables in a group of postmenopausal women with sarcopenia and another group of postmenopausal women with normal skeletal muscle mass index. To do so, the current study included 8 postmenopausal women (whose ages ranged between 65 and 84 years) with sarcopenia and 60 age-matched controls (with normal skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)). Body composition and bone parameters were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: Weight, lean mass, body mass index, femoral neck cross-sectional area (FN CSA), FN section modulus (Z), FN cross sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), intertrochanteric (IT) CSA, IT Z, IT CSMI, IT cortical thickness (CT), femoral shaft (FS) CSA, FS Z and FS CSMI were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in women with normal SMI compared to women with sarcopenia. In the whole population, SMI was positively associated with IT CSA, IT Z, IT CSMI, IT CT, FS CSA, FS Z, FS CSMI, FS CT but negatively correlated to IT buckling ratio (BR) and FS BR. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that sarcopenia has a negative effect on hip bone strength indices in postmenopausal women.

Influence of sarcopenia on bone health parameters in a group of eumenorrheic obese premenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) and geometric indices of hip bone strength in a group of obese sarcopenic premenopausal women (n = 27) and a group of obese premenopausal women with normal appendicular lean mass (ALM)/body mass index ratio (BMI) (n = 26). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ALM/BMI criterion of The Foundation for the National Institute of Health was used; women with an ALM/BMI ratio < 0.512 m2 were considered obese sarcopenic. Body composition and bone variables were measured by DXA. DXA measurements were completed for the whole body (WB), lumbar spine (L1-L4), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN). Hip geometry parameters including cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), section modulus (Z), strength index (SI) and buckling ratio (BR) were derived by DXA. RESULTS: Age, weight and BMI were not significantly different between the two groups. Height, lean mass, skeletal muscle mass index, ALM and the ratio ALM/BMI were significantly higher in obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio compared to obese sarcopenic women. Fat mass percentage was significantly higher in obese sarcopenic women compared to obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio. WB BMC, TH BMD, FN BMD, CSA, CSMI and Z were significantly higher in obese women with normal ALM/BMI ratio compared to obese sarcopenic women. In the whole population (n = 53), ALM and the ratio ALM/BMI were positively correlated to WB BMC, CSA, CSMI and Z. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that sarcopenia negatively influences bone mineral density and hip geometry parameters before menopause in eumenorrheic obese women.

Relationships between muscle mass, strength and regional bone mineral density in young men.

PURPOSE: Although the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) is well established, the relative contribution of appendicular lean mass (ALM) and fat mass (FM) to BMD has been rarely evaluated in young men. METHODS: We assessed 100 young men (age: 24.4±2.8 years, BMI: 23.4±2.81 kg/m2). Appendicular lean mass index (ALM/H2) (ALMI), fat mass index (FM/ H2) (FMI), percentage of body fat, BMD at lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH), femoral neck (FN) and whole body (WB) were measured using DXA. Muscle strength was evaluated by handgrip strength. Pearson's correlations and interactions between all variables were assessed using stepwise regression analyses. RESULTS: ALM index (ALMI) was positively correlated with BMD at all sites (r = 0.62 for WB p<0.05, r = 0.54 for FN p<0.05, r = 0.64 for TH p<0.05, r = 0.56 for LS p<0.05) whereas FMI was not correlated to BMD values. Stepwise regression analyses showed that ALMI produced a significant and positive influence on BMD (ß = 0.07 for WB p<0.001, ß = 0.04 for FN p<0.001, ß = 0.06 for TH p<0.001). Conversely, FMI was negatively associated with BMD at all sites (ß = -0.02 for WB p<0.001, ß = - 0.03 for FN p<0.001, ß = - 0.03 for TH p<0.001, ß = - 0.07 for LS p<0.001). Handgrip strength and BMDs were significantly and positively associated at all sites. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that BMD was positively associated with ALMI while negatively with FMI. We confirm that ALMI is the strongest factor associated with BMD in a population of young men.

Arm-trunk coordination in wheelchair initiation displacement: A study of anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments during different speeds and directions of propulsion.

Arm-trunk coordination during the initiation of displacement in manual wheelchair is a complex task. The objective of this work is to study the arm-trunk coordination by measuring anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments. Nine healthy subjects participated in the study after being trained in manual wheelchair. They were asked to initiate a displacement in manual wheelchair in three directions (forward vs. left vs. right), with two speeds (spontaneous vs. maximum) and with two initial hand's positions (hands on thighs vs. hands on handrails). Muscular activities in the trunk (postural component) and the arms (focal component) were recorded bilaterally. The results show two strategies for trunk control: An anticipatory adjustment strategy and a compensatory adjustment strategy with a dominance of compensation. These two strategies are influenced by the finalities of displacement in terms of speed and direction depending on the hands positions. Arm-trunk coordination is characterized by an adaptability of anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments. The study of this type of coordination for subjects with different levels of spinal cord injury could be used to predict the forthcoming displacement and thus assist the user in a complex task.

Physical Performance Variables and Bone Mineral Density in a Group of Young Overweight and Obese Men.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between performances obtained in different physical tests and bone parameters (bone mineral density [BMD], bone mineral content, hip geometry indices, and trabecular bone score [TBS]) in a group of young Lebanese overweight and obese adult men. Fifty-two overweight and/or obese (body mass index > 25 kg/m2) young men whose ages range from 18 to 35 yr participated in this study. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Body composition, BMD, cross-sectional area and section modulus (Z) of the femoral neck (FN), and TBS were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max, in liter per minute) was determined by direct measurement while exercising on a medical treadmill. One-repetition-maximum half-squat and maximum power (P max) of the lower limbs were measured using validated exercises. Lean mass was a positive determinant of whole-body bone mineral content (r = 0.71, p < 0.001), FN cross-sectional area (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), and FN Z (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). VO2 max (in liter per minute) was a positive determinant of whole-body BMD (r = 0.47, p < 0.001), total hip BMD (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), and FN BMD (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). VO2 max (in milliliter per minute per kilogram) was a positive determinant of TBS (r = 0.30, p < 0.05). One repetition maximum was a positive determinant of L1-L4 BMD (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). This study suggests that VO2 max (in liter per minute) is a positive determinant of BMD, and VO2 max (in milliliter per minute per kilogram) is a positive determinant of TBS in overweight and obese men.

Benefits of physical activities centered on the trunk for pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a trunk exercise program on pain, quality of life (QoL) and physical health (PH) in the late pregnancy and post-partum periods as well as baby weight and size and delivery. METHODS: 90 nulliparous women were allocated based on voluntarism to a training group (TG) or to a control group (CG). TG carried out a structured program with exercises for flexibility, balance and strengthening for the majority of skeletal muscles specifically for the spinal ones, between the 24th and 36th week of pregnancy. Both TG and CG were evaluated for pain at the beginning of the program (T1), at the end of the program (T2) and two months' post-partum (T3). QoL was assessed at T1,T2 and T3, and PH at T1 and T3. Mann-Whitney test was utilized to compare TG and CG on each period and to compare the periods two by two. RESULTS: At T1, no significant difference was found between the two groups in pain intensity (pain interference p = 0.317), QoL (p = 0.18) and PH (flexibility p = 0.06; walking p = 0.85). At T2, women of TG had a lower intensity of pain than CG (legs (p = 0.029), lower back (p < 0.0001), upper back (p = 0.022), pelvis (p = 0.017), groins (p = 0.043), lower pelvis (p = 0.009) and interference of pain (p < 0.0001)). At T3, TG had a lower intensity of pain than CG, in lower back and upper back (p < 0.0001) and interference of pain (p < 0.0001). Best scores of QoL were observed in TG compared to CG at T2 (p < 0.0001) and at T3 (p < 0.0001). PH in TG compared to CG was not different between the groups in T1 but was different in in T3 (flexibility p = 0.002, walking, balance, curling-ups and Ruffier p < 0.0001). TG were four times less likely to have a caesarean (p = 0.049) and had 4.5 h less of labor time (p < 0.0001). No difference was observed between the TG vs CG concerning the weight (p = 0.22) and the baby's size (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Strengthening exercises centered on the trunk reduce pain, improve QoL and PH in late pregnancy and at two months in the post-partum period. Strengthening exercises also ease the delivery.

Adaptability and Prediction of Anticipatory Muscular Activity Parameters to Different Movements in the Sitting Position.

Voluntary movement often causes postural perturbation that requires an anticipatory postural adjustment to minimize perturbation and increase the efficiency and coordination during execution. This systematic review focuses specifically on the relationship between the parameters of anticipatory muscular activities and movement finality in sitting position among adults, to study the adaptability and predictability of anticipatory muscular activities parameters to different movements and conditions in sitting position in adults. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer-Link, Engineering Village, and EbscoHost. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retain the most rigorous and specific studies, yielding 76 articles, Seventeen articles were excluded at first reading, and after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 were retained. In a sitting position, central nervous system activity precedes movement by diverse anticipatory muscular activities and shows the ability to adapt anticipatory muscular activity parameters to the movement direction, postural stability, or charge weight. In addition, these parameters could be adapted to the speed of execution, as found for the standing position. Parameters of anticipatory muscular activities (duration, order, and amplitude of muscle contractions constituting the anticipatory muscular activity) could be used as a predictive indicator of forthcoming movement. In addition, this systematic review may improve methodology in empirical studies and assistive technology for people with disabilities.

Dual adaptive filtering by optimal projection applied to filter muscle artifacts on EEG and comparative study.

Muscle artifacts constitute one of the major problems in electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations, particularly for the diagnosis of epilepsy, where pathological rhythms occur within the same frequency bands as those of artifacts. This paper proposes to use the method dual adaptive filtering by optimal projection (DAFOP) to automatically remove artifacts while preserving true cerebral signals. DAFOP is a two-step method. The first step consists in applying the common spatial pattern (CSP) method to two frequency windows to identify the slowest components which will be considered as cerebral sources. The two frequency windows are defined by optimizing convolutional filters. The second step consists in using a regression method to reconstruct the signal independently within various frequency windows. This method was evaluated by two neurologists on a selection of 114 pages with muscle artifacts, from 20 clinical recordings of awake and sleeping adults, subject to pathological signals and epileptic seizures. A blind comparison was then conducted with the canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method and conventional low-pass filtering at 30 Hz. The filtering rate was 84.3% for muscle artifacts with a 6.4% reduction of cerebral signals even for the fastest waves. DAFOP was found to be significantly more efficient than CCA and 30 Hz filters. The DAFOP method is fast and automatic and can be easily used in clinical EEG recordings.

Association between individual quadriceps muscle volume/enthesis and patello femoral joint cartilage morphology.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the association between individual quadriceps muscle volumes and the quadriceps enthesis structures and cartilage morphology at the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). METHODS: We studied 12 cadavers (age 75 ± 5 years). For both legs, individual quadriceps muscles (vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedialis (VI) and vastus medialis (VM)) were dissected and their volumes measured. Cartilage areas at the PFJ were classified using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score. Histological sections were evaluated at the quadriceps tendon enthesis (laterally, centrally and medially). Several variables were calculated on the binary images based on two-dimensional analysis. These were apparent bone area (BA) and apparent trabecular thickness (TH). A Spearman rank test was used to determine the strength of correlation between individual quadriceps muscles volume, the structure of the quadriceps tendon enthesis and the ICRS score. RESULTS: The thickness of calcified fibrocartilage tissue was significantly greater in the central part of the enthesis than both medially (P = 0.03) and laterally (P = 0.04). Uncalcified fibrocartilage was significantly thicker laterally (P = 0.04) and centrally (P = 0.02) than medially. Muscle volume was highest (P <0.05) for the VL, followed by the VI, VM and RF. There was no association between total and individual muscle volumes and ICRS or BA. However, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.81) between the VL/VM volume ratio and BA ratio (bone volume at the lateral part divided by bone volume at the medial part). There was a moderate positive correlation between VL/VM and ICRS (r = 0.65) and between ICRS and BA ratio (lateral/medial; r = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Individual and total quadriceps volumes were not correlated with cartilage loss at the PFJ or fibrocartilage thickness. However, both VL/VM and BA ratio (lateral/medial) were positively correlated with ICRS scoring and therefore could be a tool for predicting degree of PFJ osteoarthritis severity.